Social structure
In Tokugawa Japan, all residents are divided into four categories by strict hierarchy: samurai, farmers, craftsmen and businessmen. Before the Tokugawa period, there were some flows between these classes, but General Tokugawa restricted these flows in order to safeguard his power and privileges. In particular, they tried to protect the samurai class, making it impossible for the peasant class to become warriors. 1586, Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued a decree stipulating that farmers must cultivate on their own land. 1587 promulgated that only warriors can wear long swords. After that, this article became the definition of the samurai class. With the change of economic situation, the general is not so successful in maintaining strict boundaries between different classes.
knight
Soldiers are warriors. At the top is the general himself. Below him, there is a famous landlord who controls a lot of land. Daming's men are warriors gathered by themselves and can serve them in many ways. Some of them are instructors, some guard his castle, and some form his private army. Besides, in a big city like Edo, samurai have various functions-officials in the shogunate or police. Finally, there are ronins, that is, warriors without masters. They don't have to repay their masters and have no stable source of livelihood. Ronals may settle in a special place, teach skills or do other jobs. However, many ronins will wander around the country looking for paid jobs. Some people will be hired by the highest bidder like mercenaries. During the Tokugawa period, Japan had a population of 30 million, of which about 2 million were samurai.
farmer
Rice is the glue that binds all social strata, and it is naturally produced by farmers. The meter is measured in stone. A stone can support a person for a year. During this period, the annual output of rice in Japan was estimated at 25 million stone. The general is responsible for distributing the harvest in the whole country. He took 20% himself, and most of it was given to the landlord and Daming. According to Charles J. Dunn, Kaga, the most powerful name in northern Japan, can receive 6,543,800+3,000 stones. In Tokugawa Japan, more than 270 famous names can receive at least 10,000 stones. What does this leave for farmers? It depends on the weather. Usually, farmers hand over more than half of the rice harvest. When the years were bad, neither the general nor Daming reduced their demand, and farmers were forced to live on less food. Famine in rural areas during this period was not uncommon. In this way, although farmers enjoy privileges in society-second only to samurai-their lives are usually very difficult. Growing rice requires a lot of hard physical labor. Today, a lot of work must be done by hand. In difficult times, farmers will ignore the general's ban and move to the city to engage in trade. When their father's land is inherited by the eldest son, many young sons will also go into business.
handicraftsman
It is difficult to clearly distinguish between industrialists and businessmen because their economic activities often overlap. For example, a clothing producer may sell his products, and his career can also develop in other directions, such as borrowing money. In Tokugawa society, samurai have a high demand for certain skills, such as casting swords, which is highly valued, so the status of swordsmen is very high. In Tokugawa Japan, common techniques include carpentry, masonry, wine-making and painting.
businessperson
Businessmen, especially those in cities, become rich, but they are at the bottom of the social class. This is because Confucianism believes that businessmen don't produce anything like farmers and craftsmen. Instead, they earn money from people who produce labor. However, because of money, other classes, even junior samurai, are sometimes willing to accept this lower position. In addition, as in the Tokugawa period, the economy gradually transformed from feudalism to commerce, and on the whole, businessmen could improve their social status. In Tokugawa Japan, trade is usually a slow and difficult undertaking. Although the road system is huge and well maintained, the general forbids vehicles to be used for military defense. In this way, most of the goods passing by land are placed on the backs of horses or people.
Other groups
Several other groups exist outside this class system, including actors, monks and butchers. In some ways, because it is outside the strict class system that constitutes Japanese society, its members have certain degrees of freedom. However, this system has enough living security and livelihood, so life outside the system also has disadvantages. The butcher is an exile-forced to live in his own group and avoid other members of Japanese society. Their status is so low because their jobs are related to death: they deal with animal carcasses, tan hides and make leather. Butchers face many unlucky things in religion. Influenced by Buddhists, Japanese people are generally vegetarian, and killing is forbidden. In Shinto, contact with death requires fasting. In modern Japan, we still insist on distinguishing butchers. The butcher family list was secretly circulated in the society. Conservative Japanese families always refer to such lists to prevent their sons or daughters from marrying butcher families.
economic development
The economic system in the Edo era was feudal small-scale peasant economy. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, more than 80% of Japan's population were farmers. The basic production relationship is that the vassal lords directly control the peasants, and the peasants cultivate a hereditary land for the lords, and pay a certain amount of land rent in kind and Gong Mi. This kind of yeoman, known as "local people", was the main economic basis of the shogunate system in the Tokugawa shogunate era.
The income of the shogunate mainly depends on farmers' annual tribute. Therefore, in order to ensure the sufficient supply of rice and other grains, the shogunate tried every means to increase the exploitation of land production, constantly changed the tax system and increased the farmers' tax share. The exploitation of farmers is almost to the point where farmers can't survive but beg for death. In order to prevent farmers from losing their land, it is forbidden to buy and sell land forever. At the same time, in order to prevent the commercialization of rural production and life, 1650 (Qing' an III), the shogunate issued a "Qing' an Proclamation" to farmers all over the country, prohibiting the cultivation of cash crops and promoting economy. And through the reform of monetary system, compulsory donation, monopoly and other forms to suppress the development of commodity economy
Nevertheless, commodity economy has emerged in rural areas. Due to the change of production tools and the improvement of farming technology, rural productivity has been greatly developed. Some farmers have begun to have surplus products besides annual tribute. This has created conditions for the development of rural commodity economy and the prosperity of cities. Some well-off rich peasants and landlords hire poor farm labourers to cultivate their land, and at the same time set up manual workshops in rural areas to manage their goods and gain greater benefits. Rural merchants package farmers' agricultural products and handicrafts and sell them to other places. At the same time, city businessmen also turned their eyes to the countryside. They buy products from the countryside and make a profit. Due to the needs of life and finance, feudal owners also had to encourage farmers to produce some cash crops, and agricultural production became increasingly commercialized. Under such circumstances, agricultural specialty areas have gradually emerged, such as cotton production concentrated in Guinea and the East China Sea, sericulture production concentrated in Kanto and Dongshan areas, and soybeans are abundant in the northeast of Honshu. Such regional characteristic agriculture provides an opportunity for the commercialization of agricultural products. Rice, cotton, oil and other agricultural products are sold as commodities except for the part handed over. The natural economy is gradually impacted.
The production of cash crops in rural areas has promoted the development of handicrafts. From the end of 17, rural handicraft industry has become a remarkable feature of handicraft industry development. The commercialization of agricultural products has involved rural areas in the whirlpool of commodity economy. The rent paid to Mufan and the surplus of farmers are developing towards monetization. From the second half of the17th century, in order to meet the needs of complex financial life, all kinds of mufan began to implement the initial monopoly system and began to operate local handicrafts. Some farmers have become independent in commercial activities and become a new class. Through the activities of merchants and the management of Mufan, handicrafts in various places have also formed a certain scale and their own characteristics. The main producing areas of handicrafts are: silk weaving in Xiyuan and Hakata, Kyoto, Kyushu, cotton spinning near Osaka, paper making in Qian Yue and Mino, wine making in Tantan, Ikeda and Itan, and so on.
Due to the development of various industries and the influence of the "visiting household registration" system, the construction of transportation is also in full swing. Formed a reflective traffic artery centered on Edo. Donghai Road from the coast to Kyoto, Zhongshan Road from the capital to Kyoto, Jiazhou Street to Jiazhou (now Yamanashi Prefecture), Australia Street to Australia (now northeast), and Sunlight Street to Sunlight were then called "Five Streets". Due to the increase of merchant ships carrying rice and materials, the shipping industry has gradually developed.
With the development of various industries, the development of cities is more prosperous. In order to weaken the resistance of local famous soldiers, in 16 15, the shogunate ordered the destruction of castles in all places except the vassal's residence and maintained "one country, one city". Lord Mufan gathered warriors around the castle and gathered craftsmen and businessmen here to form a "dismounting pool", on the basis of which the scale of the city gradually developed. By the end of 17, there were more than 300 cities in China. Edo, Osaka and Kyoto are the largest cities in China. Take Edo as an example, it is not only the seat of the shogunate, but also the center of economy and culture. According to the survey of 1693, the total population of all classes in Edo exceeded1000000, surpassing London, the most prosperous city in the world at that time. Osaka was the commercial center at that time and had the reputation of "world kitchen". In the edo period, it formed the center of the national market. The active townspeople and businessmen in and out of Osaka made Osaka the most dynamic city at that time, with a population second only to Edo. Another prosperous city is Kyoto. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, the population inside and outside the city reached about 360,000.
The prosperity of the city makes business more prosperous. In order to ensure commercial interests, wholesalers formed trade associations and accumulated wealth, and big businessmen such as Osaka Hongchi and Edo Mitsui appeared.
Capitalist factors and changes in production relations
After the middle period of Tokugawa, the commodity economy has developed greatly, and a commodity economic circle centered on Osaka, Edo and Kyoto has been formed throughout the country. Edo is the largest consumer market in China. Every day, merchant ships from all over the country load rice, wine, salt and handicrafts at Edo Port. These products are not only part of the rent paid to the shogunate and vassals, but also more than half of them are commodities that enter the Edo circulation market. Taking rice as an example, the commercial rice sent to Edo is sold by the rice wholesaler to the seller, and then directly sent to the market for sale after being processed by the "rice mud house". During Yongjia period (1848- 1853), there were more than 2,700 such "rice ball houses" in Edo City alone.
In Osaka, 1697 (the tenth in Luyuan) opened the Tangdao Rice Market, and 1730 established the Tangdao Rice Society, which has "Zhengmi Merchants" and "Zhanghe Rice Merchants". "Zhengmi Shangnei" is responsible for issuing rice coupons, while "Zhang Mi Shangnei" conducts securities trading activities equivalent to futures trading. Every year, more than 654.38+100,000 stones of rice from Guinea, Kyushu, Shikoku and even the northeast of China are concentrated in the warehouse called "Tibetan House", and the "rice cut hand" (rice coupons) purchased by rice merchants are converted into rice and transported to the rice market in Dabantang Island for sale.
In addition to rice, the market for wine is also forming. In order to stabilize the price of rice, the shogunate ordered the lifting of the wine-making restrictions in 1754. Tandi, Hyogo Prefecture, Yidan and Ikeda in Shejin have all become famous wine producing areas, and the prosperous wine manufacturing industry has also attracted the surrounding people to participate in labor. In addition, the origin of salt is mainly the coastal countries of Seto Inland Sea. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the salt produced here accounted for more than 90% of the national salt market.
Due to the expansion of the division of labor between urban and rural areas, the circulation and cooperation of commodity production are increasingly strengthened. For example, the cotton textile industry in Akita comes from Osaka. This mode of production breaks the boundary between vassals and vassals, and makes the market of commodity production expand day by day.
The development of commodity economy also makes farmers participate in the circulation of commodity production. The countryside is not only a place to provide commodity raw materials, but also a factory for simple processing industry. Merchants will buy a certain number of handmade products from farmers and pay a limited processing fee; It is the embodiment of this change that landlords and rich peasants set up manual workshops and hired farmers for production.
In this way, relatively independent markets have appeared all over the country, and the seeds of capitalist mode of production have gradually emerged.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, handicraft workshops appeared, and many workers divided their work to produce the same product. In rural areas, landlords and rich peasants set up manual workshops such as brewing and soy sauce, and hired farmers for production. Some businessmen also provide cotton yarn, looms and other raw materials and production tools to organize labor to produce goods. In cities, the number and scale of handicraft workshops have reached a considerable level. During the Edo period, most of the luxurious clothes worn by the upper class and the fabrics consumed by the citizens came from the handicraft workshops of the West Array in Kyoto. In addition to the flat loom, the workshop also has a "high loom" that can weave complex patterns. Silk weaving workshops in West Railway Station reached a large scale in AD18th century. 1in June, 730, the weaving workshop of Kyoto Xizhan suffered a fire, and 30 12 looms were lost, accounting for only half of all looms. After the repair, the number of looms still reached more than 2,500, which shows the strength of Xiarray weaving workshop at that time. Besides wine-making and silk weaving, handicraft workshops have also appeared in other industries.
Commodity economy impacted the economic structure of feudal lords and promoted the relations of production and class changes in rural areas. First of all, a large number of wealthy businessmen appeared, who used the profits from commodity management to invest in land reclamation and river regulation, and became businessmen and landlords who owned goods and a lot of land in Qianzhuang River. They convert capital into land, then exploit farmers through tenancy relationship, and then invest in commercial activities with land rent; Secondly, there has also been differentiation among farmers, and a large number of small farmers have lost their land and become tenant farmers. The bankruptcy of small farmers fundamentally shook the Mufan system. It is this change in production and class relations that has promoted the activities of overthrowing the shogunate and establishing a new government representing the interests of the bourgeoisie.
Overseas trade development
While in Tokugawa Ieyasu, he actively traded with Viet Nam, Luzon and other places, and competed with China and Portuguese businessmen. He established a system in which only those who hold the national seal of Zhu Can can trade. It is said that the era has Zhu's seal, and the Tokugawa era is still continuing. The seal is affixed with the detailed sailing destination and the exact date approved by the shogunate, and the general's red official seal is stamped on the upper right corner. Before Tokugawa Guang Jia ordered the country to be locked up, foreign businessmen and powerful businessmen in southwestern Japan sailed Athena Chu ships between Southeast Asia, Taiwan Province Province and Manila. After the establishment of the edo shogunate's policy of locking up the country, Zhu Yinchuan's overseas trade was restricted. 1635, on the premise of seeking national security, the navigation of Zhu Yinchuan was stopped and the Zhu system was abolished.
Social structure
In Tokugawa Japan, all residents are divided into four categories by strict hierarchy: samurai, farmers, craftsmen and businessmen. Before the Tokugawa period, there were some flows between these classes, but General Tokugawa restricted these flows in order to safeguard his power and privileges. In particular, they tried to protect the samurai class, making it impossible for the peasant class to become warriors. 1586, Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued a decree stipulating that farmers must cultivate on their own land. 1587 promulgated that only warriors can wear long swords. After that, this article became the definition of the samurai class. With the change of economic situation, the general is not so successful in maintaining strict boundaries between different classes.
knight
Soldiers are warriors. At the top is the general himself. Below him, there is a famous landlord who controls a lot of land. Daming's men are warriors gathered by themselves and can serve them in many ways. Some of them are instructors, some guard his castle, and some form his private army. Besides, in a big city like Edo, samurai have various functions-officials in the shogunate or police. Finally, there are ronins, that is, warriors without masters. They don't have to repay their masters and have no stable source of livelihood. Ronals may settle in a special place, teach skills or do other jobs. However, many ronins will wander around the country looking for paid jobs. Some people will be hired by the highest bidder like mercenaries. During the Tokugawa period, Japan had a population of 30 million, of which about 2 million were samurai.
farmer
Rice is the glue that binds all social strata, and it is naturally produced by farmers. The meter is measured in stone. A stone can support a person for a year. During this period, the annual output of rice in Japan was estimated at 25 million stone. The general is responsible for distributing the harvest in the whole country. He took 20% himself, and most of it was given to the landlord and Daming. According to Charles J. Dunn, Kaga, the most powerful name in northern Japan, can receive 6,543,800+3,000 stones. In Tokugawa Japan, more than 270 famous names can receive at least 10,000 stones. What does this leave for farmers? It depends on the weather. Usually, farmers hand over more than half of the rice harvest. When the years were bad, neither the general nor Daming reduced their demand, and farmers were forced to live on less food. Famine in rural areas during this period was not uncommon. In this way, although farmers enjoy privileges in society-second only to samurai-their lives are usually very difficult. Growing rice requires a lot of hard physical labor. Today, a lot of work must be done by hand. In difficult times, farmers will ignore the general's ban and move to the city to engage in trade. When their father's land is inherited by the eldest son, many young sons will also go into business.
handicraftsman
It is difficult to clearly distinguish between industrialists and businessmen because their economic activities often overlap. For example, a clothing producer may sell his products, and his career can also develop in other directions, such as borrowing money. In Tokugawa society, samurai have a high demand for certain skills, such as casting swords, which is highly valued, so the status of swordsmen is very high. In Tokugawa Japan, common techniques include carpentry, masonry, wine-making and painting.
businessperson
Businessmen, especially those in cities, become rich, but they are at the bottom of the social class. This is because Confucianism believes that businessmen don't produce anything like farmers and craftsmen. Instead, they earn money from people who produce labor. However, because of money, other classes, even junior samurai, are sometimes willing to accept this lower position. In addition, as in the Tokugawa period, the economy gradually transformed from feudalism to commerce, and on the whole, businessmen could improve their social status. In Tokugawa Japan, trade is usually a slow and difficult undertaking. Although the road system is huge and well maintained, the general forbids vehicles to be used for military defense. In this way, most of the goods passing by land are placed on the backs of horses or people.
Other groups
Several other groups exist outside this class system, including actors, monks and butchers. In some ways, because it is outside the strict class system that constitutes Japanese society, its members have certain degrees of freedom. However, this system has enough living security and livelihood, so life outside the system also has disadvantages. The butcher is an exile-forced to live in his own group and avoid other members of Japanese society. Their status is so low because their jobs are related to death: they deal with animal carcasses, tan hides and make leather. Butchers face many unlucky things in religion. Influenced by Buddhists, Japanese people are generally vegetarian, and killing is forbidden. In Shinto, contact with death requires fasting. In modern Japan, we still insist on distinguishing butchers. The butcher family list was secretly circulated in the society. Conservative Japanese families always refer to such lists to prevent their sons or daughters from marrying butcher families.
[Edit this paragraph] Economic development
The economic system in the Edo era was feudal small-scale peasant economy. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, more than 80% of Japan's population were farmers. The basic production relationship is that the vassal lords directly control the peasants, and the peasants cultivate a hereditary land for the lords, and pay a certain amount of land rent in kind and Gong Mi. This kind of yeoman, known as "local people", was the main economic basis of the shogunate system in the Tokugawa shogunate era.
The income of the shogunate mainly depends on farmers' annual tribute. Therefore, in order to ensure the sufficient supply of rice and other grains, the shogunate tried every means to increase the exploitation of land production, constantly changed the tax system and increased the farmers' tax share. The exploitation of farmers is almost to the point where farmers can't survive but beg for death. In order to prevent farmers from losing their land, it is forbidden to buy and sell land forever. At the same time, in order to prevent the commercialization of rural production and life, 1650 (Qing' an III), the shogunate issued a "Qing' an Proclamation" to farmers all over the country, prohibiting the cultivation of cash crops and promoting economy. And through the reform of monetary system, compulsory donation, monopoly and other forms to suppress the development of commodity economy
Nevertheless, commodity economy has emerged in rural areas. Due to the change of production tools and the improvement of farming technology, rural productivity has been greatly developed. Some farmers have begun to have surplus products besides annual tribute. This has created conditions for the development of rural commodity economy and the prosperity of cities. Some well-off rich peasants and landlords hire poor farm labourers to cultivate their land, and at the same time set up manual workshops in rural areas to manage their goods and gain greater benefits. Rural merchants package farmers' agricultural products and handicrafts and sell them to other places. At the same time, city businessmen also turned their eyes to the countryside. They buy products from the countryside and make a profit. Due to the needs of life and finance, feudal owners also had to encourage farmers to produce some cash crops, and agricultural production became increasingly commercialized. Under such circumstances, agricultural specialty areas have gradually emerged, such as cotton production concentrated in Guinea and the East China Sea, sericulture production concentrated in Kanto and Dongshan areas, and soybeans are abundant in the northeast of Honshu. Such regional characteristic agriculture provides an opportunity for the commercialization of agricultural products. Rice, cotton, oil and other agricultural products are sold as commodities except for the part handed over. The natural economy is gradually impacted.
The production of cash crops in rural areas has promoted the development of handicrafts. From the end of 17, rural handicraft industry has become a remarkable feature of handicraft industry development. The commercialization of agricultural products has involved rural areas in the whirlpool of commodity economy. The rent paid to Mufan and the surplus of farmers are developing towards monetization. From the second half of the17th century, in order to meet the needs of complex financial life, all kinds of mufan began to implement the initial monopoly system and began to operate local handicrafts. Some farmers have become independent in commercial activities and become a new class. Through the activities of merchants and the management of Mufan, handicrafts in various places have also formed a certain scale and their own characteristics. The main producing areas of handicrafts are: silk weaving in Xiyuan and Hakata, Kyoto, Kyushu, cotton spinning near Osaka, paper making in Qian Yue and Mino, wine making in Tantan, Ikeda and Itan, and so on.
Due to the development of various industries and the influence of the "visiting household registration" system, the construction of transportation is also in full swing. Formed a reflective traffic artery centered on Edo. Donghai Road from the coast to Kyoto, Zhongshan Road from the capital to Kyoto, Jiazhou Street to Jiazhou (now Yamanashi Prefecture), Australia Street to Australia (now northeast), and Sunlight Street to Sunlight were then called "Five Streets". Due to the increase of merchant ships carrying rice and materials, the shipping industry has gradually developed.
With the development of various industries, the development of cities is more prosperous. In order to weaken the resistance of local famous soldiers, in 16 15, the shogunate ordered the destruction of castles in all places except the vassal's residence and maintained "one country, one city". Lord Mufan gathered warriors around the castle and gathered craftsmen and businessmen here to form a "dismounting pool", on the basis of which the scale of the city gradually developed. By the end of 17, there were more than 300 cities in China. Edo, Osaka and Kyoto are the largest cities in China. Take Edo as an example, it is not only the seat of the shogunate, but also the center of economy and culture. According to the survey of 1693, the total population of all classes in Edo exceeded1000000, surpassing London, the most prosperous city in the world at that time. Osaka was the commercial center at that time and had the reputation of "world kitchen". In the edo period, it formed the center of the national market. The active townspeople and businessmen in and out of Osaka made Osaka the most dynamic city at that time, with a population second only to Edo. Another prosperous city is Kyoto. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, the population inside and outside the city reached about 360,000.
The prosperity of the city makes business more prosperous. In order to ensure commercial interests, wholesalers formed trade associations and accumulated wealth, and big businessmen such as Osaka Hongchi and Edo Mitsui appeared.
Capitalist factors and changes in production relations
After the middle period of Tokugawa, the commodity economy has developed greatly, and a commodity economic circle centered on Osaka, Edo and Kyoto has been formed throughout the country. Edo is the largest consumer market in China. Every day, merchant ships from all over the country load rice, wine, salt and handicrafts at Edo Port. These products are not only part of the rent paid to the shogunate and vassals, but also more than half of them are commodities that enter the Edo circulation market. Taking rice as an example, the commercial rice sent to Edo is sold by the rice wholesaler to the seller, and then directly sent to the market for sale after being processed by the "rice mud house". During Yongjia period (1848- 1853), there were more than 2,700 such "rice ball houses" in Edo City alone.
In Osaka, 1697 (the tenth in Luyuan) opened the Tangdao Rice Market, and 1730 established the Tangdao Rice Society, which has "Zhengmi Merchants" and "Zhanghe Rice Merchants". "Zhengmi Shangnei" is responsible for issuing rice coupons, while "Zhang Mi Shangnei" conducts securities trading activities equivalent to futures trading. Every year, more than 654.38+100,000 stones of rice from Guinea, Kyushu, Shikoku and even the northeast of China are concentrated in the warehouse called "Tibetan House", and the "rice cut hand" (rice coupons) purchased by rice merchants are converted into rice and transported to the rice market in Dabantang Island for sale.
In addition to rice, the market for wine is also forming. In order to stabilize the price of rice, the shogunate ordered the lifting of the wine-making restrictions in 1754. Tandi, Hyogo Prefecture, Yidan and Ikeda in Shejin have all become famous wine producing areas, and the prosperous wine manufacturing industry has also attracted the surrounding people to participate in labor. In addition, the origin of salt is mainly the coastal countries of Seto Inland Sea. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the salt produced here accounted for more than 90% of the national salt market.
Due to the expansion of urban-rural division of labor, the circulation and cooperation of commodity production are increasingly strengthened. For example, the cotton textile industry in Akita comes from Osaka. This mode of production breaks the boundary between vassals and vassals, and makes the market of commodity production expand day by day.
The development of commodity economy also makes farmers participate in the circulation of commodity production. The countryside is not only a place to provide commodity raw materials, but also a factory for simple processing industry. Merchants will buy a certain number of handmade products from farmers and pay a limited processing fee; It is the embodiment of this change that landlords and rich peasants set up manual workshops and hired farmers for production.
In this way, relatively independent markets have appeared all over the country, and the seeds of capitalist mode of production have gradually emerged.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, handicraft workshops appeared, and many workers divided their work to produce the same product. In rural areas, landlords and rich peasants set up manual workshops such as brewing and soy sauce, and hired farmers for production. Some businessmen also provide cotton yarn, looms and other raw materials and production tools to organize labor to produce goods. In cities, the number and scale of handicraft workshops have reached a considerable level. During the Edo period, most of the luxurious clothes worn by the upper class and the fabrics consumed by the citizens came from the handicraft workshops of the West Array in Kyoto. In addition to the flat loom, the workshop also has a "high loom" that can weave complex patterns. Silk weaving workshops in West Railway Station reached a large scale in AD18th century. 1in June, 730, the weaving workshop of Kyoto Xizhan suffered a fire, and 30 12 looms were lost, accounting for only half of all looms. After the repair, the number of looms still reached more than 2,500, which shows the strength of Xiarray weaving workshop at that time. Besides wine-making and silk weaving, handicraft workshops have also appeared in other industries.
Commodity economy impacted the economic structure of feudal lords and promoted the relations of production and class changes in rural areas. First of all, a large number of wealthy businessmen appeared, who used the profits from commodity management to invest in land reclamation and river regulation, and became businessmen and landlords who owned goods and a lot of land in Qianzhuang River. They convert capital into land, then exploit farmers through tenancy relationship, and then invest in commercial activities with land rent; Secondly, there has also been differentiation among farmers, and a large number of small farmers have lost their land and become tenant farmers. The bankruptcy of small farmers fundamentally shook the Mufan system. It is this change in production and class relations that has promoted the activities of overthrowing the shogunate and establishing a new government representing the interests of the bourgeoisie.
Because there are many, I can't type them. If you want to see it, go to the following website ~