Part III: Modern history of the world.

First, the early bourgeois revolution:

1, British bourgeois revolution

(1), Britain under "divine right": Revolutionary reasons: ① After the opening of the new sea route, the main trade routes and trade centers in Europe moved from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast, and the British used their favorable geographical position to expand foreign trade and colonial plunder, which made British capitalism develop and a number of emerging bourgeoisie and new noble emerged. (2)/kloc-In the 7th century, Britain vigorously promoted feudal autocracy and advocated "divine right of monarchy". The rights of the bourgeoisie and new noble were violated, and they used parliament and kingship to fight.

(2) 1640, King Charles I of England called the parliament, and the members of parliament made a fierce attack on the king's autocratic system, demanding that the kingship be restricted, which opened the prelude to the British bourgeois revolution.

(3) The promulgation of the Bill of Rights:

The purpose of promulgation: to limit the rights of the king; Promulgated: 1689 adopted by the British Parliament.

② Content: The law clearly limits the rights of the king, stipulating that the king may not levy taxes and maintain a standing army in peacetime without the approval of the parliament; It is stipulated that the king can neither abolish the law at will nor stop the implementation of the law;

③ Significance of promulgation: It marks the establishment of British constitutional monarchy bourgeois rule.

The British bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal monarchy through revolution, established its dominant position, cleared the way for the development of capitalism and promoted the process of world history.

2. American War of Independence

(1), the development of British colonies in North America:1At the beginning of the 7th century, the British began to establish colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. More than a hundred years later, Britain has established 13 colonies in North America.

(2) Gunfire in Lexington: ① Time:1April 775; ② Significance: It marks the beginning of the North American War of Independence.

(3) The Continental Congress is the leading body of the War of Independence, and Washington is the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

(4) The symbol of the birth of the United States and other countries:1On July 4, 776, the Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence, which marked the birth of the United States and other countries. July 4th is the American Independence Day.

(5) The turning point of the American War of Independence was Saratoga. 1783 Britain recognized American independence and the American War of Independence ended.

(6), 1787 US Constitution: It is stipulated that the United States is a federal country and implements a presidential system. The president is both the head of state and the head of government. Washington was elected as the first president of the United States.

(7) Significance: The American War of Independence ended British colonial rule, realized national independence and established a relatively democratic bourgeois political system, which was conducive to the development of American capitalism and promoted the revolution in Europe and Latin America in the future.

3. French bourgeois revolution

(1), French Revolution:

Before the Great Revolution, all members of French society were divided into three grades: the first grade was clergy; The second level is nobility; The third level includes the bourgeoisie, craftsmen, urban poor and farmers.

② Signs of outbreak: 1789 19 On July 4th, the people of Paris launched an uprising and captured the bus hell.

(3) The Declaration of Human Rights: It declares that people are born free, have equal rights, and private property is inviolable, which embodies the idea of opposing absolute monarchy and feudal hierarchy.

(4) 1792, France established the first * * * French Republic, and soon, King Louis XVI was guillotined.

⑤ Historical significance of revolution: It destroyed the feudal rule of France, spread the progressive thought of bourgeois freedom and democracy, and had a great influence on the development of world history.

(2) Napoleon's empire:

1at the end of 799, Napoleon launched a coup and seized power. 1804, Napoleon established the first empire of France.

(2) The Napoleonic Code: promulgated to consolidate and safeguard the interests of the bourgeoisie, is the blueprint for capitalist legislation. Including: civil code, commercial code and criminal code.

③ Comment on Napoleon. Rise from war, seize power by coup, establish empire by coronation, issue codes at home, and fight abroad (pay attention to both sides)

Second, "age of steam" capitalism.

1, industrial revolution

(1), time: 65438+ The industrial revolution first occurred in Britain in the 1960s, and began with the invention and use of machines. It first appeared in cotton textile industry. 18 Jenny spinning machine and hydraulic spinning machine appeared in the sixties and seventies, 18 hydraulic loom appeared in the eighties. 1785, Watt improved the steam engine and applied it to the textile field for the first time, which made mankind enter the "age of steam".

(2)/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the first breakthrough was made in transportation: Americans first made steamships powered by steam engines; Subsequently, the Englishman Stephen Sun invented the train locomotive by using the steam engine, and the "Voyager" locomotive was successfully tested in 1825.

(3) Around1840, British large machine production became the main mode of industrial production, and the industrial revolution was completed, followed by France and the United States.

(4) Impact: The industrial revolution has created great productivity and brought about great changes in the social outlook; After the industrial revolution, capitalism finally defeated feudalism, and the western capitalist countries that took the lead in completing the industrial revolution gradually established their rule over the world, and the world formed a situation in which the west was advanced and the east was backward.

2. The symbol of the birth of scientific socialism.

(1) British Constitution Movement: During the period of 1836~ 1848, British workers started a large-scale and lasting movement. This movement has a political program "People's Charter", hence the name "Charter Movement". During the movement, workers demanded universal suffrage, which was the first mass and political proletarian revolutionary movement in the world.

(2) Publication of * * * Producers' Party Manifesto:1February 848, the publication of * * * Producers' Party Manifesto drafted by Marx and Engels marked the birth of Marxism. Marxist theory mainly includes Marxist philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism.

3. American Civil War

(1) Before the American Civil War broke out, the focus of the North-South conflict was: the preservation or abolition of slavery.

(2) In the Civil War, Lincoln was the president who contributed to the maintenance of national unity and the liberation of slaves. Comment on Lincoln.

(3) Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, which stipulated that slavery in rebel states would be abolished from New Year's Day of 1863, and slaves would be allowed to join the northern army as free men. Function: The revolutionary enthusiasm of the people and slaves increased, and the war situation began to benefit the north.

(4) 1865 The civil war ended in victory in the north. Its historical significance lies in that the Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in American history. After this war, the United States abolished slavery, cleared another big obstacle to the development of capitalism, and created conditions for future economic development.

4. Reform in Russia

Facing the serious crisis of serfdom, in 186 1 year, Tsar Alexander II had to sign a decree to abolish serfdom. The law stipulates that serfs are "free men" in law; Landlords are no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives; After the serfs are "liberated", they can get a piece of land, but they must pay the price for it.

186 1 reform is a bourgeois reform carried out by the tsar from top to bottom, which is conducive to the development of capitalism. Although a large number of feudal remnants were retained, it accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and was a major turning point in modern Russian history.

5. Meiji Restoration in Japan

(1)1In the middle of the 9th century, the first western country to open the door to Japan was the United States.

(2) The infiltration of foreign forces has intensified Japan's domestic contradictions. Some middle and lower class warriors gradually gave up the practice of rejecting the West, began to accept the advanced technology and ideas of the West, advocated the overthrow of tokugawa era by force, and achieved success.

(3) The main contents of Meiji Restoration are: politically, "abolishing vassals and establishing counties" and strengthening centralization; Economically, it is allowed to buy and sell land, introduce western technology and encourage modern industry; We advocate "civilization" in social life and strive to develop education.

(4) Evaluation: Meiji Restoration made Japan gradually become a capitalist country from a closed feudal country and got rid of the fate of becoming a semi-colonial country, which was a major turning point in Japanese history. However, after Japan became strong, it soon embarked on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion.

Third, capitalism in the electrical age.

1, scientific achievements and the second scientific and technological revolution: 65438+In 1970s, electricity entered the production field as a new energy source. With the increasing application of electricity, mankind has entered the "electrical age". Edison in America invented the electric light bulb. Karl, Germany? Ben Ci designed the internal combustion engine and successfully trial-produced the automobile in 1885. The airplane was invented by the Wright brothers in America.

2. World War I:

(1)19 At the end of the 20th century, major capitalist countries such as the United States, Germany, Britain, France, Japan and Russia entered the stage of imperialism one after another.

(2) the triple alliance is Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; The agreement of the three countries is: Britain, France and Russia.

(3) The fuse of World War I: Sarajevo incident, which took place in the Balkans (called powder keg in Europe).

(4) Time of war:1965438+July 2004 ~ 1965438+65438+2008 10.

(5) World War I was the first war on an unprecedented scale in human history, and the battlefield was mainly concentrated in Europe. 19 16 Battle of Verdun, with more than 700,000 casualties on both sides, was called "Verdun Meat Grinder".

Part IV: Modern history of the world.

First, the October socialist revolution in Russia and the socialist construction in the Soviet Union;

1, Russian October Revolution:

(1) Russian February Revolution: Overthrowing the autocratic system of the czar. After the revolution, two regimes coexisted: engineers represented the Soviet Union and the bourgeois provisional government. The interim government holds the main power.

(2) Victory of Petrograd Armed Uprising:1917165438+1On the evening of October 6, Lenin secretly came to the Smirny College of Petrograd Uprising Headquarters to lead the uprising. 165438+1October 7 uprising victory.

After the victory of Petrograd armed uprising, Russia established the world's first Soviet government of workers, peasants and soldiers-People's Committee, and Lenin was elected as its chairman.

(3) the struggle to consolidate the Soviet regime:

Measures taken by the Soviet government: establishing a new type of proletarian regime; Nationalize banks, railways and large industrial enterprises; Promulgate the land law, confiscate the land of landlords and monasteries and distribute it to farmers for farming; Make peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary and quit World War I. Move to Moscow.

1920, Soviet Russia crushed foreign armed intervention and domestic counter-revolutionary rebellion, won the civil war and consolidated the first proletarian regime in the world.

(4) The establishment of the Soviet Union: 1922 was established on the basis of voluntariness and equality. At that time, four countries joined the United Republic: the Russian Federation, the Transcaucasian Federation, the Ukrainian Federation and the Belarusian Federation.

2. Socialist construction in the Soviet Union:

(1)1928 ~1937, the Soviet union successively completed the first and second five-year plans, focusing on developing heavy industry. After the completion of the two five-year plans, the Soviet Union changed from a traditional agricultural country to an industrial power.

(2) 1936, the Soviet Union adopted a new constitution and declared the Soviet Union a "socialist country of workers and peasants". The formulation of the new constitution marks the formation of a highly centralized economic and political system in the Soviet Union. Also known as the "Stalin model".

Second, the capitalist world after World War I:

1, the establishment of the post-war capitalist world system:

(1) Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles: 19 19 1 held in Paris. Big Three: French Prime Minister Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau, American President Wilson and British Prime Minister Lloyd? George. Content of the Treaty of Versailles:1965438+In June 2009, the Allies signed with Germany, stipulating that France would recover Alsace and Lorraine; Germany prohibits compulsory military service and is not allowed to have an air force. The total number of troops shall not exceed 65,438+10,000. Within 50 kilometers of the east bank of the Rhine, Germany shall not be fortified; Germany recognizes and respects Austria's independence; Germany should make reparations, and the "Compensation Committee" established by the Allies will determine the total amount of German reparations; All Germany's overseas colonies were carved up by Britain, France, Japan and other countries. (The peace treaty actually ignores the rights and interests of the people of China, stipulating that all German rights and interests in Shantung shall be inherited by Japan. Triggered the May 4th Movement in China. )

(2) Washington Conference: The main roles of the conference are: the United States, Britain and Japan. Treaty: Britain, France, the United States and Japan signed a four-nation convention and agreed to respect each other's rights and interests in the Pacific region. The United States, Britain, Japan, France and Italy signed the Treaty on the Limitation of Naval Arms, which stipulated that the tonnage ratio of the main naval vessels of the five countries was 5: 5: 3: 1.75: 1.75. The United States has gained the same sea power as the old naval power Britain. Nine-nation Convention: It claims to respect China's sovereign independence, territorial and administrative integrity, and abides by the principle of "open door" in China and "equal opportunities" among countries. This actually facilitated the expansion of the United States in China.

The Versailles system established a new order for imperialist countries to rule Europe, West Asia and Africa. The Washington Conference was a continuation of the Paris Peace Conference, which established the ruling order of imperialism in East Asia and the Pacific. The imperialist powers established the new post-war capitalist world order-"Versailles-Washington system" through the Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Conference.

2. 1929- 1933 Economic Crisis and Roosevelt's New Deal.

The period of (1)1924-1929 was a period of relative stability in the capitalist world. 1929- 1933 The economic crisis first broke out in the United States, with the following characteristics: the scope was particularly wide; The duration is relatively long; Especially destructive.

(2) Roosevelt's New Deal

The purpose of Roosevelt's New Deal is to adjust within the capitalist system and strengthen the state's intervention and guidance in the economy in order to eliminate the economic crisis.

② Content: The central measure of the New Deal is industrial adjustment. According to the national industrial revival law, all industrial enterprises formulate fair management rules for their own industries, determine the production scale, price level, market distribution, wage standards and working days of each enterprise, and prevent blind competition from causing overproduction, thus strengthening the government's control and regulation of capitalist industrial production.

First, rectify banks and restore bank credit; Adjust agriculture, let farmers reduce the area of cultivated land and slaughter a large number of livestock, and the government will compensate; Promulgating and strengthening the government's regulation of capitalist industrial production is the central measure of the New Deal. Hold public projects to reduce unemployment and stimulate production and consumption.

③ Evaluation: The purpose of implementing the "New Deal" is to strengthen the state's intervention and guidance in the economy and eliminate the economic crisis without changing the capitalist system. After the implementation, the American economy slowly recovered and people's lives improved; The capitalist system has been adjusted, consolidated and developed; The macro-control and management of the economy in capitalist countries have been strengthened; The power of the American federal government has been significantly enhanced. The New Deal is of great significance in the history of capitalist development in the United States and the world.

3. The formation of a fascist country and the struggle against fascism: (1) The fascism of Germany, Italy and Japan: Italy: 1922 The fascists marched into Rome and prepared to seize power by force. Mussolini soon gradually established a fascist dictatorship in Italy; Germany: 1933, Hitler of the Nazi Party became the German Chancellor, and soon he became the head of state. Hitler's coming to power marked the formation of the European source of the world war. Establish a fascist dictatorship of terror: set fire to Congress, dissolve trade unions and ban all other political parties, persecute Jews, expand the army and prepare to tear up the Treaty of Versailles. Japan: The main force of Japanese fascism is the military department. 1in February, 936, young soldiers of the Japanese military department failed to launch a mutiny. Thus, the fascist dictatorship of the Japanese army was established, and it advocated the establishment of a "country with a high degree of national defense" and accelerated foreign aggression and expansion. The Asian war source of the world war was formed.

(2) The beginning of the anti-fascist struggle: China fought against the Japanese; Ethiopia is in Haier? Selassie I fought against Italian aggression; In the Spanish Civil War, Franco formed a rebel government. Britain, France and the United States adopted a non-interference policy of conniving at aggression.

Three. The Second World War

1, Munich conference: 1938 In September, the heads of government of Germany (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini), Britain (Chamberlain) and France (Daladier) signed an agreement in Munich, Germany, stipulating that Czechoslovakia must cede the Sudetenland to Germany within 10. Historically, this incident was called Munich Crisis. This meeting is the product of German expansion and connivance policy of Britain and France. The Munich crisis pushed the appeasement policy to its peak.

2. The symbol of the full-scale outbreak of World War II: 1 September 9391Germany raided Poland.

3.1941June The Soviet-German War broke out;

4.194165438+On February 7, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the largest military base of the US military in the Pacific Ocean, and the Pacific War broke out. The scale of World War II was further expanded.

5. Turning point of World War II: Battle of Stalingrad in July1942-February1943;

6. 1942, 65438+ 1 year1October, representatives from 26 countries including the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China signed the American Declaration in Washington, DC, promising to unite all human and material resources and completely defeat fascism.

7. 1945 In February, the heads of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, met in Yalta, the Soviet Union. After the meeting decided to defeat Germany, it occupied Germany militarily and completely eliminated German fascism. At the same time, it was decided to establish the United Nations. The Soviet Union promised to participate in the war against Japanese fascism within three months after Germany surrendered.

8.1In June, 944, the allied forces, mainly American and British troops, crossed the English Channel and landed in Normandy, France, opening up the second battlefield in Europe.

9.1On May 8, 945, Germany officially signed the surrender. World War II ended in Europe.

10,1September 2, 945, Japan officially signed the surrender, and the Second World War ended.

Fourth, the world after World War II:

1, socialist countries after World War II:

(1) Soviet Union in the early postwar period: 1953, Stalin died, and Khrushchev came to power to carry out economic reforms, which failed. From 65438 to 0964, Khrushchev was forced to step down. Gorbachev came to power in 1985. First, the economic reform failed, and then the political system reform was carried out, which transformed the Soviet Union from a one-party system to a multi-party system. Gorbachev lost his leadership, and Yeltsin took control of the overall situation after the "August 19 incident" in 199 1. The Soviet Union disintegrated at the end of 199 1.

(2) The birth of a series of people's democratic countries in Europe and Asia: After the Second World War, some countries in Europe and Asia successively embarked on the socialist road, and socialism expanded from one country to more than a dozen countries. Since the second half of 1989, the situation in eastern European countries has changed suddenly, and the political parties that have been in power for more than 40 years have lost power one after another, and then the social system has changed. Yugoslavia is divided into five, Czechoslovakia is divided into two, Democratic Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany are merged, and Germany is unified.

2. Economic recovery and development in Europe and Japan: (1) Euro-Euro-Euro Formation: Reason: With the economic development, some capitalist countries in Europe feel it necessary to strengthen mutual cooperation to ensure their own security and international status and promote economic development. 1967, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries initiated the establishment of the "European Homology" organization. It has played an important role in the economic development of member countries and the improvement of their international status. 1993, Western European countries established the European Union on the basis of European homology. EU countries will gradually use the single currency-Euro; People, capital and goods can circulate freely in EU member states, and people from different countries can work, study or live freely in any member state. At the same time, the EU also strives to keep pace with foreign affairs and national security. After the establishment of the European Union, all member countries share resources and complement each other's advantages, which is conducive to economic development. The EU has become the largest economy in the world.

(3) Japan's rise: In the mid-1950s, Japan's economy had surpassed the pre-war level. The Japanese government took advantage of the favorable economic development environment and introduced the latest scientific and technological achievements, which promoted the rapid economic development. From the mid-1950s to the early 1970s, Japan's economy grew rapidly and became the second largest capitalist economy after the United States. After the mid-1980s, Japan implemented the policy of "building the country through science and technology", which promoted economic development. And began to seek political and military power.

3. Contradictions in development:1973-1975, Middle Eastern countries raised oil prices substantially, which triggered an economic crisis in the capitalist world. Since then, the capitalist economy has ended its prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s. After the 1970s, the capitalist world began to form a tripartite confrontation between Europe, Japan and the United States.

4. American hegemonic policy and American-Soviet hegemony;

(1) Establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact: 1949, the United States wooed capitalist countries such as Canada, Britain and France to establish the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for the Soviet Union and the socialist countries in Eastern Europe. 1955, the Soviet Union and the socialist countries in Eastern Europe established the Warsaw Treaty Organization, which became another major political and military group to compete with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

(2) What is the "cold war" policy? What aspects does America's "Cold War" policy include?

The cold war policy refers to that after World War II, the western countries headed by the United States took all means and hostile actions against the Soviet Union and other socialist countries in order to "contain capitalism". Including: Truman Doctrine, which marked the official rupture of the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Cold War; Marshall Plan, namely "European Renaissance Plan"; North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

(3) American invasion of Korea and Vietnam:

(4) The hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union: In the 1950s and 1960s, the hegemonic advantage was in the United States, and the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 was a manifestation. By analyzing the cartoons of Khrushchev and Kennedy, we can see the superiority of the United States. In the 1970s, this hegemony reached its climax. The United States contracted strategically because of the Vietnam War, while the Soviet Union began military expansion, sending troops to occupy Afghanistan from 65438 to 0979.

5. New changes in the world pattern: After the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the bipolar pattern of confrontation between the two major groups in the East and the West ended. For the time being, the situation of "one superpower and many strengths" has been formed, and the world pattern has developed towards multipolarization. However, the process is tortuous. The Kosovo War is a challenge of the United States to the trend of world multipolarization and has an important impact on the world pattern.

6. World Economic Development: After World War II, with the promotion of high technology, the world economy developed rapidly, and the economic ties between countries and regions became closer and closer. Generally speaking, the world economy has gradually formed a whole, and the trend of economic globalization is accelerating. For developing countries including China, economic globalization is a double-edged sword, with both advantages and disadvantages. The concrete manifestations of the trend of economic globalization are: the rapid growth of international investment and international trade; The influence of multinational corporations is increasing, and the globalization trend of production activities is accelerating. 1 99565438+1October1,the establishment of the World Trade Organization, which is an important manifestation of the development of world economic globalization. The World Trade Organization hopes to achieve world trade liberalization through open markets and fair trade.

In the process of economic globalization, multinational corporations play a very important role. On the one hand, multinational companies often transfer some low-tech and polluting enterprises from developed countries to developing countries; On the other hand, the impact of international economic risks on the economic development of developing countries has further increased.

China is a developing country, and economic globalization is both a rare opportunity and a severe challenge to China's economic development.

7. The same problems facing mankind are: rational utilization of energy resources, environmental protection, wildlife protection, control of population growth, development and utilization of space and oceans, drug abuse, rampant international terrorist activities and proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) The third scientific and technological revolution:

1 Since the 1950s, major breakthroughs have been made in the fields of atomic energy, computers, microelectronics, aerospace technology, molecular biology, genetic engineering, etc., marking the arrival of a new scientific and technological revolution, which is called the third scientific and technological revolution.

2, the influence of the third scientific and technological revolution:

The third scientific and technological revolution has promoted the unprecedented development of social productive forces and further caused changes in the world economic structure and the international economic structure. All countries in the world are vigorously developing high technology and improving their position in the international structure, thus promoting the multipolarization of the world economic structure.