China's grain production has achieved a bumper harvest for five consecutive years, and the grain production situation is the best historical stage since the founding of the People's Republic of China. At present, in the case of total grain output surplus in stages, grain enterprises are facing many difficulties and pressures, and they are also pregnant with new development opportunities. With the deepening of the reform of the grain circulation system and China's imminent accession to the WTO, the grain industry is undergoing the process of transforming the old and new systems. The key for grain enterprises to adapt to the requirements of market economy is to recognize the new situation, meet new challenges, make new explorations and start new undertakings. Reviewing the history and looking forward to the future, this paper puts forward the strategic thinking on the reform of state-owned grain enterprises.
The reform of grain enterprises is the need of grain reform and the establishment of modern enterprise system
The reform of grain enterprises is the fundamental guarantee and condition for the reform of grain circulation system. The reform of state-owned grain enterprises is an important part of the reform of grain circulation system, an important condition and guarantee for the full implementation of the reform of grain circulation system, and also a fundamental outlet and decisive factor for the survival and development of grain enterprises. The reform of state-owned grain enterprises is an important content and the first condition for the reform of grain circulation system. State-owned grain enterprises are the main channel of grain circulation, and play a leading role in actively purchasing grain, mastering necessary grain sources, stabilizing market supply and market grain prices in accordance with relevant national policies. In order to give full play to the role of state-owned grain enterprises as the main channel and ensure the smooth reform of grain circulation system, it is necessary to reform state-owned grain enterprises.
The reform of grain enterprises is an objective requirement for establishing a modern enterprise system. Grasping the reform of state-owned grain enterprises to meet the needs of building a socialist market economy is conducive to accelerating the establishment of a modern enterprise system. Establishing a modern enterprise system is an inevitable requirement for developing socialized mass production and market economy, an effective way to combine public ownership with market economy, and also the direction of state-owned enterprise reform. Only through reform and complete separation of government from enterprise can state-owned grain enterprises distinguish the economic responsibility that the grain administrative department should bear on behalf of the government from the operating profit and loss that the enterprise should bear. This will help state-owned grain enterprises face the market, implement independent accounting, improve management, reduce costs and enhance market competitiveness. State-owned grain enterprises have established new employment, distribution, insurance, supervision and restraint mechanisms by changing their operating mechanisms, which is convenient for grain enterprises to carry out scientific management.
The reform of grain enterprises is the need of macro-control of national economy.
China has changed from a planned economy system to a socialist market economy system, and is establishing a perfect macro-control system with indirect control as the main means. The government does not directly intervene in the microeconomic activities of enterprises, but regulates the market through economic means such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, tax policy and industrial policy and necessary administrative and legal means, and the market guides enterprises, thus ensuring the healthy development of the national economy.
The reform of grain enterprises is the need to strengthen macro-control of grain. In the period of planned economy, the state's grain control mainly realized the macro-control of grain through the grain department in the form of mandatory plan and guiding plan. With the change of market structure and the deepening of the reform of grain circulation system, grain has gradually changed from "special commodities" and "strategic materials" to general commodities, and the grain industry has gradually changed from monopoly industries to marketization and socialization. Under the new situation, the macro-control measures of grain show a diversified trend, which is manifested in the comprehensive application of various forms such as policy control, national special reserve control, import and export balance, spontaneous market control, capital market control and agricultural production structure control.
The reform of grain enterprises conforms to the basic national conditions of China. China is a country with frequent natural disasters, and the annual fluctuation of grain output is inevitable, which has a negative impact on the stability of the grain market. In order to strengthen the protection of grain production and stabilize the grain market, China started to establish a minimum grain protection price system and a special grain reserve system in 1990 to regulate the supply and demand of the grain market. 1994 establish the central and provincial grain market risk fund system. Practice has proved that these systems have played a positive role. In the future, we should further improve, maintain a reasonable grain reserve, enrich the grain market risk fund, and enhance the government's ability to regulate the grain market. At the same time, it is necessary to make timely and appropriate use of the international grain market, adjust the relationship between domestic grain supply and demand through import and export trade, and stabilize the domestic grain market demand. China bases itself on domestic efforts to solve the problem of grain supply and demand balance, and does not rule out the use of international resources as a necessary supplement to play the role of variety exchange, surplus and shortage adjustment and regional balance. At present, the grain surplus is a phased, structural, regional and low-consumption surplus. In the long run, due to the increase of population, the decrease of land, the improvement of living quality and the acceleration of urbanization, the demand for food is on the rise.
The reform of grain enterprises meets the needs of grain market price mechanism. The grain price mechanism is gradually marketized, the price is formed by the market, and the price guides farmers and enterprises. The market price mechanism is playing an increasingly important role in guiding farmers' planting and the production and operation of grain enterprises. The state withdrew some grain varieties, such as red wheat, early indica rice and southern corn, from the scope of protective price purchase. This year, the state has carried out pilot projects to liberalize grain prices in eight provinces and cities, including Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong. Piloting the reform of rural taxes and fees and directly subsidizing farmers; The new varieties of early indica rice, japonica rice and corn are newly opened, which plays the role of the price function of the futures market, which means that the state's macro-policy and regulation measures for grain have undergone fundamental changes. The introduction of these policies has brought great impact to grain enterprises and also brought some development opportunities. We must clearly understand the grain situation, give full play to the advantages of grain resources and adapt to the national macro-control policies. In recent years, the price of grain has been falling again and again, and it takes more than ten cents to sell a catty of grain at a suitable price, which seriously deviates from its value. State and local financial resources are limited, and enterprises are even more overwhelmed, which has dampened the enthusiasm of grain enterprises. Effective demand determines supply, and the difficulty in selling grain reflects the lack of effective demand in the grain market, which leads to "market failure" and requires "government intervention" However, the government has insufficient information, imperfect circulation system and ineffective adjustment measures, resulting in "government failure". How to carry out macro-control of grain and how to establish a price mechanism involves many aspects of utilization and many deep-seated problems. Only by deepening the reform of grain enterprises can it be fundamentally solved.
The reform of grain enterprises is the need to adapt to the internationalization of grain market
China will soon join the WTO, and the grain market will gradually connect with the international market, which will accelerate the process of globalization of grain economy. After China's entry into WTO, due to its full integration into the world grain market, China has formed the largest grain production, consumption and circulation market. As far as trade is concerned, it is not simply domestic trade and foreign trade, but the combination of domestic and foreign trade, free entry and exit, forming a real big market and large circulation, and the pace of grain marketization will be greatly accelerated.
The reform of grain enterprises meets the needs of China's entry into WTO. After China's entry into WTO, the grain market will face enormous challenges and impacts, which will be reflected in the following aspects: First, the import quantity restrictions will be abolished and the tariff quota system will be implemented. The purpose of WTO is to promote trade liberalization, emphasize that imports are determined by the market, and there can be no restrictions on the number of imports, and implement a tariff quota system for major grain varieties such as wheat, corn, rice and oil. Second, cancel any form of export subsidies. Export subsidy is an important aspect of asymmetric terms of trade, which violates the principle of fair, just and transparent free trade. The Sino-US agricultural cooperation agreement emphasizes the elimination of export subsidies for all agricultural products, which is undoubtedly a great challenge to China's grain export. Third, the principle of most-favoured-nation treatment is universally recognized. According to the provisions of the WTO on MFN treatment, the most favorable terms reached with any member country are also applicable to all member countries. As far as international grain trade is concerned, economically developed countries have a high level of labor productivity, great potential differences in grain trade, strong competition penetration and many profits from MFN treatment. Fourth, emphasize the indispensability of private enterprises. In the agricultural cooperation agreement between China and the United States, it is stipulated that the quota should be reasonably distributed between state-owned import and export companies and private enterprises, and private enterprises account for half of the rice tariff quota. This paved the way for private grain import and export enterprises, especially grain multinational companies, to seize the grain market in China, and gradually weakened the monopoly position of state-owned grain enterprises in China. Fifth, the impact of low-priced grain on the domestic grain market. According to statistics, the price of japonica rice in China is 40% higher than that in the international market, 60% higher than that of wheat, 46% higher than that of corn and 84.5% higher than that of soybean. The international grain market price is lower than the domestic grain price.