Led more than 200,000 troops to invade South Korea, captured Seoul and occupied more than half of the Korean peninsula. South Korea called this period of history "the Japanese chaos." At the request of the Korean dynasty, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to help. Since then, the war between the Chinese and Korean soldiers and civilians against the Japanese invaders has lasted for seven years, which is called the "Great Patriotic War" in history.
General Li Shunchen fought side by side with the China Water Army, and defeated the Japanese army many times, with outstanding achievements. 1598 12. He and the water army of the Ming Dynasty dealt a heavy blow to the enemy and were unfortunately shot dead in the fierce battle. Two years later, in recognition of his achievements, the court named him a first-class Xuanwu hero. 1643, 45 years after his death, was named "Zhong Wu". Since then, people on the Korean peninsula have called him a "loyal soldier" in memory of him.
Zhong Xian Temple, in memory of the spirit of General Li Shunchen, was built on 1706. It is located at the foot of Fanghua Mountain, surrounded by mountains and shaded by pines and cypresses. Zhong Xian Temple covers an area of more than 500,000 square meters. In addition to the "main hall", there are ancient buildings, such as the No.1, the old house, the family temple and the water well used by the Li family. The historical materials about General Li Shunchen, the weapons he used in the naval battle with the Japanese invaders, and the copies of eight gifts given to him by Ming Chengzu, such as seals, tokens and kopi, are carefully kept in the "Cultural Relics Museum". Every year on April 28th, the day of Li Shunchen's birth, Zhong Xian Temple will hold a sacrificial ceremony. Zhong Xian Temple was destroyed under the brutal suppression of Japanese imperialism. 1945 After Japan surrendered, activities to commemorate the valiant soldiers resumed. 1966, the Korean government turned this place into a "holy land" and rebuilt the Zhong Xian Temple. The comprehensive landscape project of the park continued to 1974.
The historical materials about General Li Shunchen, the weapons he used in the naval battle with the Japanese invaders, and the copies of eight gifts given to him by Ming Chengzu, such as seals, tokens and kopi, are carefully kept in the "Cultural Relics Museum". Every year on April 28th, the day of Li Shunchen's birth, Zhong Xian Temple will hold a sacrificial ceremony. Zhong Xian Temple was destroyed under the brutal suppression of Japanese imperialism. 1945 After Japan surrendered, activities to commemorate the valiant soldiers resumed. 1966, the Korean government turned this place into a "holy land" and rebuilt the Zhong Xian Temple. The comprehensive landscape project of the park continued to 1974.
Exposed beam naval battle
The naval battle in Lvliang was a large-scale naval battle between the Chinese and Korean navies in the waters west of Lvliang, Korean Peninsula, in the 26th year1/month of Wanli period of Ming Dynasty.
Cause of naval battle
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, great changes took place in Japan's domestic political situation, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan by force. However, there are still some feudal lords who are self-respecting and difficult to control. In order to ease domestic contradictions and consolidate its rule, Toyotomi Hideyoshi turned its domestic attention to foreign countries and made a military aggression plan to occupy Korea, conquer China and then expand to Southeast Asia. As the first step, it put forward the arrogant demand of "getting the truth from false roads" to North Korea, which was naturally rejected by the North Korean government. On April 13th in the 20th year of Wanli (1592), Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched a war of aggression against Korea. Japan called it "the Battle of Wen Luqing" and China called it "the Battle of Benevolence and Minister". The Japanese invaders crossed the sea from Tsushima Island by more than 700 ships. Landed in Busan the next morning and attacked in three directions: north, south and middle. It took just over two months to occupy Seoul, Kaesong and Pyongyang. North Korea is in danger of national subjugation. So the king of Korea sent a special envoy to the Ming Dynasty for help.
North Korea is China's friendly neighbor, as close as lips and teeth. "Guan Bai (referring to Japanese Prime Minister Toyotomi Hideyoshi) plans North Korea, which means China." In view of this situation, the Ming Dynasty decided to send troops to aid Korea against Japan.
On December 23rd, the 20th year of Wanli (1592), the Ming army entered the DPRK to participate in the war. At the beginning of the following year, Lianping and Kaicheng. On April 20th, Seoul was recovered. The Japanese army retreated to the southern provinces to make peace. Soon, an armistice agreement was reached.
In the 25th year of Wanli (1597), on July 25th, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent more troops to the north to commit crimes. In the second year, the allied forces of China and North Korea launched a large-scale counterattack, and continued to win, compressing the Japanese army in a corner of South Korea. In August this year, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died of illness and ordered to withdraw from North Korea. At that time, the Japanese army entrenched in the southeast corner of Korea had more than 46,000 troops besides the main force of the First Army stationed in Ulsan. The evacuation deployment is as follows: the eastern troops stationed in Xishengpu, Liangshan and Zhudao retreated first in 1 1 month, assembled in Busan and waited for the ship to return home; Juchang Zhongjun boarded the ship and returned to China on the spot; The Japanese troops stationed in Shuntian, Sichuan, Nanhai and Gucheng in the west, after the Japanese troops evacuated in the east, gathered in Juji Island respectively, and then returned home by boat.
Troop deployment and operational intentions of both sides
I. Geographical location of the war zone
The physical geography of the South China Sea in the southwest of Korea has two characteristics: first, the terrain is complex, the islands are scattered and the waterways are criss-crossed, which is convenient for the water army to attack the enemy in a hidden and mobile way by relying on the island shore; Second, the tidal range is large, with an average of 10 meter, which is rare in the Far East. At high tide, water is surging. At low tide, the water level plummeted and large shoals quickly surfaced. If the ship doesn't leave quickly, it is in danger of running aground.
Second, the naval forces of both sides.
During the war, the Japanese navy owned more than 1000 ships, and by the end of the war, it had grown to about 3,000 ships. Although the number is considerable, the structure is simple and the performance is poor. Equipped with weapons such as spears (the original muskets), guns, bows and arrows, Japanese knives, etc.
North Korea's navy forces about 80,000 people (1/4), with 488 ships, including 80 warships (80 people each), 192 auxiliary warships (30-60 people each) and 26 service ships. Among these warships, the "Turtle Boat" created by Li Shunchen is very distinctive. This is a large warship with a cover plate with a small cross groove on it. Outside the groove, insert sharp edges and tapered tips. The front is the faucet, and the longkou is the point; After the turtle's tail, there are points under the tail. There are 6 points on both sides, and there are 8- 10 points under the point. The turtle deck is firm and flexible, with good attack and protection capabilities. Hideyoshi, the Japanese navy, once said: "The water war of the Korean people is very different from that of land warfare. The warships are big and fast, and the building signs are thick, so they can't get in. My boat was smashed as soon as it met. " Thus, under the leadership of Li Shunchen, the North Korean navy is not only well-equipped, but also well-trained, which is a powerful maritime force to defeat the Japanese.
In the Ming Dynasty, the number of troops invested in the Korean battlefield was about 6.5438+10,000 (accounting for 6.5438+0/8 of the national total at that time), and then it gradually increased to 6.5438+0.4 million. Among them, there are 65438+3000 naval divisions and more than 500 warships. There are many kinds of warships, such as Fufang, Loufang, Baicao, Sandboat, Cangfang, Tonggu, Balahu and so on. Warships have excellent weapons, besides bows, crossbows, swords, spears and other cold weapons, there are also a large number of firearms, such as Buddha Ji Lang and Tiger Lying Gun. According to historical records, the longest range of Ming artillery can reach 3000 meters, while Japanese artillery only has 100 and 200 meters.
Third, the deployment and operational attempt of the naval division of the Sino-Korean Coalition forces.
After Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death, the Japanese army retreated from the sea in three ways. At that time, there were about 800 warships in the naval division of the Sino-Korean Coalition forces, which were deployed in the waters around the ancient and modern islands and mastered the sea control rights in the southwestern waters of the Korean Peninsula. Chen Lin, the prefect of Ming navy division, first learned the information of Japanese retreat, and decided to stop the Japanese army at sea and make corresponding arrangements:
1, the main force of the joint naval division advanced from the ancient and modern islands and went out to the waters east of Zuoshuiying and Yaolao Island;
2. Establish a base and joint military command post in Zuoshuiying;
3. Occupy Maodao with one force, block Yangguangwan, and cut off the retreat of the second army led by Konishi Yukinaga;
4. Patrol the Lvliang Strait and its east sea area with one unit to monitor the movements of Japanese troops in Sichuan, Nanhai and Gucheng.
Battle route
In the future, the Japanese troops stationed in the western part of Korea will begin to retreat in the 26th year of Wanli (1598) 1 1 month1day. The second army stationed in Shuntian retreated first, and then the Japanese troops stationed in Sichuan, Nanhai and Gucheng gathered in Juji Island in turn, waiting for the ships to return home.
10 in the morning, the second army troops boarded the ship and were ready to go. When its vanguard troops sailed to the waters near Maodao at the mouth of Yangguangwan Bay, they were intercepted by the Sino-Korean allied navy and their retreat was cut off. In order to break through the encirclement; The Second Army organized an assault fleet and launched a few days of attacks on the allied navy, all of which failed, so it had to turn to the Japanese troops stationed in Sichuan and the South China Sea for help.
At this time, the main force of Japan's Fifth Army, led by Hiroshi Shimazu and stationed in Sichuan and Xincheng, has boarded the ship, only to set out at high tide and sail for Jodhi Island. After receiving Konishi Yukinaga's letter for help, Hiroshi Shimazu immediately led this huge fleet and sped to the Lvliang Strait by moonlight on the night of 18, in an attempt to break into Yangguangwan and solve the siege of Konishi Yukinaga. Meet the fleet of Zong Zhiyi's department from the South China Sea halfway. After the rendezvous of the two fleets, more than 10,000 troops and more than 500 ships began to pass through the Lvliang Strait at midnight.
Chen Lin and Chen Lin, after learning the news of Japanese reinforcements marching westward, immediately set out to adjust their deployment, determined to surround and annihilate the aid enemy in the waters west of Lvliang. Its operational deployment is:
1. Deng Zilong led 1000 troops, driving three giant ships as pioneers. After the Japanese fleet passed through the strait, it made a circuitous attack and cut off its way home.
2. Chen Lin led the Mingshui division to pretend to be Zuo Jun, and anchored at Zhudao and Shuimen Donggang in Kunyang, waiting for an opportunity to attack;
3. Li Shunchen led the North Korean navy as a right-wing army, anchored at Guanyinpu in the South China Sea, and stood by to attack the Japanese army with the Ming army.
19 clown (1: 00 to about 3: 00 am), most of Shimadzu Hony's fleet has sailed out of the Strait and entered the waters west of Lvliang. At this time, "the moon hangs on the western hills, and the mountain shadows fall on the sea, half of which is twilight." There are countless ships coming from the dark, approaching the thief boat, and the shooters are shooting and shouting, and they are straight for the thief boat. All ships should respond. The thief knew I was coming, and the bird Qi Fei shook the sea, and the flying pills fell into the water like rain. " (Liu Chenglong Criminal Records, Volume II, page 68) Due to the disparity in numbers, Deng Zilong was immediately surrounded by Japanese ships. "Zi Su Long is very generous. He is over 70 years old. He is full of enthusiasm. He wants to take the lead and rush to the North Korean ship with 200 strong men. He went straight ahead, causing countless casualties among thieves. He accidentally threw the firearm into the dragon boat. The ship caught fire, the thief took it and Zilong died. " (Biography of Deng Zilong in Ming Dynasty) Chen Lin immediately sent his lieutenant Chen Can to lead the ship to support.
At the same time, the naval divisions of China-DPRK Coalition forces launched fierce attacks on the main force of the fleet in the waters east of Oshima from north to south. Li Zhongwu's Travels in Korea vividly describes today's war: "The two armies suddenly attacked from left to right, guns were beating, arrows were ringing, firewood was thrown indiscriminately, and the mountains and seas were shaken together. Many Japanese ships, most of them burned, and thieves and soldiers fought bloody battles to death, but when they entered Guanyin Pu, it was dawn. "
Li Shunchen led the North Korean navy in hot pursuit, entered the Guanyin shop, and fought bloody battles with the Japanese again. Chen Lin also led China's navy to come to support, bombarding with tiger crouching guns, and Japanese ships caught fire one after another. In the chaos, the Japanese army is still dying and desperately fighting back. Li Shunchen took the lead in the bidding, but was shot. Instead of mourning, his son beat gongs and drums, waved flags and shouted, took command on behalf of his father, and continued to fight side by side with the China Navy. By noon, the Japanese had stopped resisting, and most of the ships were either burned and sunk or captured by the allied forces. Japanese soldiers who abandoned the ship and landed. It was also annihilated by the land Coalition forces.
The end of naval battle and its influence
Exposed beam naval battle is a naval battle conducted by China and North Korea alone nearly 400 years ago to cut off the enemy's retreat at sea. This campaign dealt a devastating blow to the Japanese invaders and played an important role in the formation of the 200-year post-war peace situation in Korea.
In this naval battle, the naval forces of China and North Korea cooperated closely, were good at accurately judging the situation, adjusted their deployment in time according to the changes of the enemy's situation, quickly adjusted their troops, relied on the island shore, waited in secret and attacked at the right time. First, impose a tight blockade on the enemy retreating at sea, forcing him to ask for help; When another enemy comes to help. He quickly cut off his retreat and attacked from the north and south, thus achieving the goal of destroying the enemy.
Under the unified command, the close cooperation between the Chinese and Korean navies and their heroic fighting were the decisive factors for Lvliang's naval victory. Li Shunchen, commander-in-chief of the North Korean Navy, took the lead, and Deng Zilong, a veteran of China, died heroically in the fierce battle. After Li Shunchen's sacrifice, his son still "held up the flag to supervise the war and kept advancing", which showed the heroic spirit of the Chinese and Korean armies in fighting bravely and fighting bloody battles with the enemy to the end.
Brief introduction of some weapons of Ming navy
Fortune Boat is a general term for a ship type born in Fujian coastal areas, with a total of 6 ships. The lucky ships used in naval battles refer to 1 and 2 ... a so-called Dafu ship, which is "too deep to start and stop late" and has poor maneuverability; Second, it is called a lucky boat, which is slightly smaller than the 1 number and is "commonly used". The draft of a lucky boat is about 3.5 meters. "It is as high as a building and can accommodate one hundred people. Its bottom tip is wide, its head is raised, its mouth is open, and its tail is towering. This building is located on the third floor. Its sides are protected by boards and bamboo. It stands like a wall with two sails and a mast. There are four floors in the middle, and the bottom floor is uninhabitable, but it is solid earth and stone to prevent light floating; The second floor is the place where soldiers sleep, and the basement is hidden, so they must climb down the stairs. On the third floor, there are water gates on the left and right sides, and a water tank in the middle, which is also a place for sailing and cooking. Wooden anchorages are set in front, with brown cables tied to them, and all the anchorages are forced to press on this floor; The top floor is a terrace, and you must go from the third floor. The wings on both sides are like bars, and people can lean on them to attack the enemy, and the arrows are looking down. When small enemy boats meet, they will sink and the enemy will be difficult to attack. It is also a weapon for naval warfare. " ("Wu
The disadvantage of a lucky boat is its poor maneuverability. "It's as high as a city, and it's not human-driven. Because of the agitation, it is not convenient to return the item. Besides, it eats deep water, which is not good for the vast ocean. In the Caspian Sea, it is easy to stick and shallow, so it must be supported by a whistle boat. " ("Continued Literature General Examination")
During the reign of Frank Ji Ming Zheng De (65438+early 6th century), a new type of artillery was introduced from the west. Franco was originally a general term for Portuguese and Spanish in Ming Dynasty. In the last few years of Zheng De, inspector He Ru of Baisha saw a Spanish ship's western artillery coming to China, and its performance was better than that of China at that time, so he mobilized the China gunner on board to go ashore, and copied the first batch of western artillery for China, which was called the Lang Lang machine.
In the second year of Jiajing (1523), the Ming Dynasty copied Buddha Ji Lang in Nanjing and called him "General". After development and transformation, it was made into three types: large sample, medium sample and small sample, which were cast with copper and iron. The Franco machine is 2 feet, 8 inches and 5 minutes long and weighs more than 300 kilograms. "Wu Bei Zhi" divides the imitation Buddha Lang machine into number 5. Among them, No.3 and No.4 are lighter. No.3 is four or five feet long, with a lead pack of 529 yuan and a medicine 620 yuan. Number four is two or three feet long, with three taels of lead and three and a half medicines. 1 and 2 times. No. 1 is eight or nine feet long, with lead weight 1 kg per container and dosage 1 kg. No.2 is six or seven feet long, each containing lead weight 10, and the dosage 1 12. The range of various Franco machines weighing more than 70 kilograms can reach five or six miles. 1 and 2 French machines can be used in water warfare.
Franco's belly is enlarged and he has a big mouth. The gun body is wrapped in wood, and the iron hoop is used for explosion protection. There are also five Zhi Zi spears (also called guns, which are equivalent to the medicine room of guns), which are loaded with ammunition and fired in turn in the long mouth of the abdomen. Franc machine is characterized by the separation of mother gun and auxiliary gun, which is a form of afterloading gun, but it is different from modern afterloading gun. There is a sight in front and a door in the back. You can aim from the hole in the door. There is a gun rack, which can rotate up and down and left and right.