China's reform has entered a new historical period. Some experts pointed out that the major changes in the 30 years of reform and opening-up are mainly manifested in the historic transformation of China from a survival society to a development society. The basic background of this historic change is the transition from planned economy to market economy. In other words, the realization of market-oriented reform is the main driving force for China to transform from a survival society to a development society.
The periodic changes of social contradictions have made the reform stand at a new historical starting point. With the historic transformation of China from a survival society to a development society, the pressure of "survival" is obviously weakened, and the pressure of "development" is fully highlighted. Mainly manifested in the contradiction between sustained and rapid economic growth and resource and environmental constraints; There is a contradiction between the huge potential of rapid economic growth and the institutional defects of economic growth; The contradiction between the growing economic aggregate and material wealth and the widening gap between urban and rural areas and the gap between the rich and the poor; The contradiction between the overall rapid growth of public service demand in the whole society and the shortage of basic public products; The contradiction between economic development and social progress and the lag of public governance.
The reform in the new period has entered a very complicated stage of interest relationship adjustment, and the reform faces many challenges. The contradiction in the new stage is related to the interest relationship, which is profound and complicated. We must unswervingly push forward reform and solve deep-seated contradictions in economic and social development through comprehensive reform.
Some experts said that from the financial reform, we can see that every step forward in the past 30 years, the more people involved, the wider the coverage. The reform has advanced to today, and almost all regions and enterprises have been included in the financial scope. With the promotion of full coverage, the goal of equalization of basic public services has been put forward in recent years. Now it seems that these problems are more complicated to operate.
Around the reform of administrative management system, the reform needs to solve many problems. Some experts pointed out that it is necessary to be very clear about the orientation of China's reform this year, what is the driving force of the reform and what is the direction of progress. Scientific Outlook on Development is a banner of the new era. In the past 30 years, the focus has been on getting rid of poverty. In the future, all-round development is the banner. With globalization and informatization, China is facing rare opportunities for development, but it must take a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development path. The reform in the new stage is to establish an institutional mechanism to fully implement Scientific Outlook on Development.
Some experts pointed out that the reform has entered a new historical period, and the relationship between government and market, government and society is facing many challenges. Therefore, we should focus on the reform of government administrative management system and make substantive changes in many fields such as finance, taxation, finance, land and public services.
Second, adapt to the changes of contradictions in stages and comprehensively promote reform.
Take the reform of railway management system as a breakthrough to accelerate the reform of monopoly industries. Some experts pointed out that in the reform of the whole transportation field, the railway system reform is obviously lagging behind, and the corresponding railway construction is also lagging behind. From a practical point of view, which mode of transportation takes the lead in reform will develop quickly. Behind the lag of reform is monopoly, and social funds cannot enter, which restricts development.
Expressway reform is relatively early. In just over ten years, the expressway framework system has been established. Holiday train tickets are hard to find, and there are hundreds of stuck neck sections in the country. The key to better railway construction is to break the monopoly of departments and introduce social funds. Now, the system has fallen into the bottleneck of construction. We can consider the reform of railway management system as a breakthrough in the reform of monopoly industries, so as to make railway construction faster.
Accelerate the establishment of a public finance system suitable for Scientific Outlook on Development. Some experts pointed out that the current high inflation rate and overheated investment are rooted in finance. Now that the finance is rich, the equalization of basic public services has been put forward as a goal, but the expenditure responsibility is at least fuzzy and isomorphic among governments at all levels. Pay attention to people's livelihood and put the financial system reform on a more urgent agenda. Some experts say that in the past, we overemphasized the role of financial and economic leverage and economic means, and paid insufficient attention to the promotion of social construction and human development by finance.
Some experts believe that financial reform should move from hierarchical finance to regional finance and establish a regional financial mechanism. Under the current financial system, each level of finance has its own financial resources. In the case of emphasizing the financial level, governments at all levels have to find money, and there are no conditions to create conditions, the environment and ecology are destroyed, and the mode of economic development cannot be changed. If you can't find the money, you will collect it from other places. The poorer the place, the more unreasonable it is.
At present, the financial difficulties at the grassroots level and the deterioration of the ecological environment in some places are closely related to the graded finance. The establishment of regional finance means that the higher-level government is responsible for the balance of regional finance, including vertical balance and horizontal balance.
Some experts pointed out that the reform of the financial system is a long-term task and needs to be promoted step by step. At present, there are great differences in some aspects of understanding. For example, some people think that medical reform is short of money, while others think that a good mechanism and system are needed to invest money. The specific scheme design, including the financial guarantee mechanism, also involves the improvement of the intergovernmental financial mechanism. These are not simple things in operation, and it is necessary to re-establish the overall institutional framework with partial breakthroughs.
Some experts pointed out that it is necessary to pay close attention to the reform of the state-owned capital budget system. The task of macro-control this year is to prevent the economy from overheating and prevent the price increase from turning into obvious inflation. At present, bank loans only account for 18% to 19% of investment funds. Tightening bank loans will help limit investment expansion, but the effect will not be great. 70% of the investment funds come from self-financing, and the largest part is corporate profits.
Establishing a state-owned capital budget system and investing part of the newly-increased profits of enterprises in the construction of social security system can enable the people of the whole country to enjoy the benefits brought by development as ownership by the whole people. Under the current system, the property right structure is dominated by public property rights. At present, the protection of public property rights is not enough. Some people use public resources and public property rights to get rich in a short time, and the loss of public property rights income is very serious.
Deepen and expand comprehensive rural reform. Some experts pointed out that in accordance with the requirements of coordinating urban and rural development, it is necessary to comprehensively reform urban and rural areas. First, the household registration system is still a very important issue affecting the integration of urban and rural areas, and the social security problem of migrant workers in cities should be solved as soon as possible; Second, the employment system. It is not enough to make a fuss about protecting the rights and interests of migrant workers, and the urban and rural system reform should be accelerated; Third, the comprehensive reform also includes the financial system. It is not enough to adjust the county and township financial system, but also to support the rural reform itself.
Some experts pointed out that the factors of production in rural areas must be released. At present, the liberalization of labor, land and finance is not enough, and there is still more room for efforts in giving more and taking less and liberalizing the three major policies. Some experts pointed out that the Law on Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives passed by the National People's Congress last July 1 was officially implemented, which is an important document with epoch-making significance in rural reform. The cooperative law stipulates the property right structure and operation mode, and distinguishes the current professional cooperatives from the cooperatives before the reform and opening up. Before the reform, cooperatives were characterized by egalitarianism, and now farmers are encouraged to cooperate in the fields of circulation and agricultural products processing. After joining the WTO, multinational companies came in one after another. If farmers don't organize themselves through cooperatives, they can't compete with multinational companies.
Accelerate the reform of financial system. Some experts pointed out that to solve the inflation problem, we should not always emphasize the government's intervention in prices, but attach importance to the role of monetary policy. Some experts pointed out that at present, in the aspect of banking system reform, how to reform policy banks should be put on the agenda, entrepreneur market and stock index futures market should be launched, and direct financing should be developed with the focus on capital market. The central government set up China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission to meet the needs of the development of the financial system reform task at that time.