Settlement business
Settlement business is a business derived from the deposit business of commercial banks.
I. Settlement tools
Settlement tools are all kinds of bills used by commercial banks for settlement. At present, the bill settlement tools that can be selected mainly include bank draft, commercial draft, cashier's check and check.
Main bill settlement tools:
(1) Bank draft: a bill deposited by an enterprise unit or individual in the bank where goods are purchased in different places, and issued by the bank for settlement or cash control.
(2) Commercial draft: a bill issued by an enterprise, which is applicable to commodity transactions where the enterprise unit delivers the goods first and then collects the money, or the two parties agree to postpone the payment.
(3) cashier's check: the applicant deposits the money in the bank, and the bank issues it to him for transfer or cash withdrawal. It can be divided into non-fixed promissory notes and fixed promissory notes.
(4) Checks: bills issued by enterprises or individuals and entrusted to their banks for payment are traditional bill settlement tools in China, which can be used for cash withdrawal and transfer.
Second, the settlement method
1 settlement method in the same city
(1) Check settlement The most important or largest settlement method in the same city of commercial banks is check settlement. Cheque settlement is a process in which a bank customer writes a cheque according to its deposit and overdraft limit in the bank, and instructs the bank to pay a certain amount from its account to the payee, so as to realize fund allocation and settle the creditor-debtor relationship.
(2) Bill checking and delivery system. This is the way to realize fund settlement without writing a check.
(3) Direct credit transfer and direct debit transfer. These two settlement methods are developed on the basis of automatic clearing house. Automatic exchanges exchange tapes instead of checks. It processes the tapes sent by banks through electronic computers, and realizes the fund settlement of different banks.
(4) Clearing House Automatic Transfer System. This is a system of transferring funds from the same city to the same industry. Between banks participating in this system, all interbank borrowing, foreign exchange trading and remittance will input relevant data into the terminal of the automatic transfer system, so that the receiving bank can receive relevant information immediately, and the exchange will debit the paying bank account and credit the receiving bank account at the same time.
2 off-site settlement method
(1) remittance settlement remittance settlement is a settlement method in which the payer entrusts the bank to remit money to foreign recipients. Remittance settlement is divided into three forms: telegraphic transfer, letter transfer and draft.
(2) Collection settlement Collection settlement refers to a settlement method in which a creditor or seller draws a draft on a foreign debtor or buyer for the purpose of collecting money and entrusts a bank to collect money on his behalf. Collection business mainly includes clean bill collection and documentary collection.
(3) A Letter of Credit is a conditional bank payment commitment, that is, an issuing bank issues a document to an exporter according to the importer's instructions, authorizing it to issue a draft drawn on the importer or the bank, and ensuring payment or acceptance under the conditions stipulated in the terms.
(4) Electronic fund transfer system With the application of new technologies such as computers in banks, the large-scale and networking of electronic computers have changed the traditional settlement methods of funds in different places in commercial banks. Through the electronic fund settlement system, the capital turnover has been greatly accelerated and the business expenses have been greatly reduced.
Letter of credit business
As one of the means of commercial trade, Letter of Credit is a bank's letter of credit, which is the importer's agent. The bank provides its own credit to the importer and guarantees to pay the bill issued by the exporter to the importer under certain conditions, that is, the bill issued is regarded as the bill issued to the bank. The so-called letter of credit is a certificate to guarantee the cash of these bills.
Types of letters of credit
1. Bank letter of credit
The acceptor of a bill of exchange is a bank, an issuing bank or a confirming bank entrusted by it to accept a bill drawn on itself. This letter of credit is a bank letter of credit.
2. Irrevocable letters of credit and revocable letters of credit
Irrevocable letter of credit means that once the issuing bank has issued a letter of credit and notified the beneficiary, it is not allowed to unilaterally cancel the letter of credit or change its terms without the consent of the issuing bank, the beneficiary or the bank that discounted the draft according to this letter of credit within the validity period of the letter of credit.
3. Confirmed letters of credit and unconfirmed letters of credit
A bank other than the issuing bank guarantees the payment of the draft drawn by the seller. This kind of letter of credit is called confirmed letter of credit. If there is no such guarantee, it is called unconfirmed letter of credit.
4. Ordinary letters of credit and special letters of credit
The issuing bank of the letter of credit specially designates a bank to discount the draft drawn under this letter of credit, which is called special letter of credit (special letter of credit).
Credit), which does not restrict discount banks, is called general or open credit.
Trust enterprise
Trust can be viewed from two aspects. From the client's point of view, trust is an act of entrusting others to manage or dispose of their own property for their own interests or the interests of a third party. From the trustee's point of view, trust is a process in which the trustee manages, manages or handles the entrusted property for the benefit of the beneficiary. Trust in a broad sense also includes agency business, such as visa, issuance, withdrawal, replacement, transfer, repayment of principal and interest, and custody of goods on behalf of customers.
The main difference between trust and agency lies in whether the property right is transferred. If the property right is transferred from the principal to the trustee, it is a trust relationship, and the agent does not involve the transfer of property right.
Trust relationship is a multilateral relationship, including the principal, the trustee and the beneficiary.
______________________________________________________
Trust behavior, property transfer principal
Principal-> trustee-> beneficiary
Benefit from relevant management instructions
______________________________________________________
According to the trust method, it is divided into investment trust, financing trust, charitable trust and employee welfare trust.
(1) Securities Investment Trust
Securities investment trust is a trust whose purpose is to invest in securities and obtain investment income. It is the trust department that concentrates the investment funds of individuals, enterprises and groups to invest instead of investors, and finally repays the investment income and principal to the beneficiaries.
(2) Trust of movable or immovable property
Chattel or real estate trust is a trust proposed by the owner of large equipment or property for the purpose of financing.
(3) Charitable trust business
Charitable trust is a kind of fund donated or raised by individuals or groups for public welfare.
leasing business
1. Financial lease is a lease for financing purposes. Generally, the lessee selects the required equipment from the supplier and negotiates the terms of the transaction, and then requires the lessor (financial institution or its affiliated professional subsidiary) to purchase the equipment from the supplier according to the negotiated terms, sign a lease contract, obtain the right to use the equipment, and pay the rent on schedule. At this time, the lessor pays all the funds, which is equivalent to providing 100% credit, so it is also called financial lease or capital lease.
2. Operating lease, also known as service lease, is a lease in which the lessor provides special services to the lessee. This special service mainly refers to the short-term use or utilization of equipment, such as the lessor's purchase of warehouses, vehicles, ships, computers, etc. , and then rent it to the lessee. Operating lease is usually suitable for some equipment that needs special technology for maintenance and technical update, and the frequency of use is not high.
3. Sale-leaseback is a leasing method, that is, the owner sells his property and then rents it back for use. The second half of this lease is exactly the same as the general lease, except that the first half of the sale process is added, and the property owner becomes the property owner again.
4. subletting is a way of renting equipment or property twice. This leasing method is usually used for international leasing.
agency business
Factoring, also known as collection of accounts or purchase of accounts receivable, is a business model for commercial banks or professional agency financing companies to collect accounts receivable on behalf of customers and provide financial financing to customers.
Agency financing business generally involves three parties, one is a commercial bank or a company that operates agency financing business, the other is an industrial and commercial enterprise that sells accounts receivable and obtains financing, and the third is a customer who obtains commercial credit and loans from industrial and commercial enterprises. The relationship is that the industrial and commercial enterprises sell goods or services on credit to customers, and then transfer the accounts receivable on credit to banks or agency financing companies, which provide funds to enterprises and collect accounts from customers when due.
Bank card business
1 credit card
Credit card is a tool and form of consumer credit, which has the characteristics of "spending first" and convenience for consumers.
There are many types of credit cards, including credit cards issued by banks, zero credit cards issued by businesses and other service industries, and travel and entertainment cards.
Two check cards
Check cards, also called guarantee cards, are used by customers to prove their identity when writing checks. The card indicates the customer's account, signature and expiration date.
3 ATM cards and debit cards
ATM card is a kind of plastic card printed with magnetic tape, which is specially used for ATMs. In addition to the issuing bank and card number, the tape also records the customer's depositor account number, password and balance.
4 Lingguang Card and Laser Card
Lingguang card, also known as charge card and convenience card, is a kind of plastic card with micro-integrated circuit, which has the functions of automation, data processing and storage. This card can record the customer's income, expenditure and deposit balance.
Consulting business
In modern society, information has become one of the main pillars of social development. Commercial banks can provide rich and practical economic information for enterprises by recording the movement of funds and collecting and sorting out relevant materials. Its main contents include: credit evaluation of enterprise financial data; Introduction to the changing trend of supply and demand structure in commodity market; Dynamic analysis of financial market.