Politics required for senior one 1 unit 1 knowledge structure diagram/politics required for senior one 1 knowledge points in the first lesson: magic currency 1. Uncover the mystery of money.
1. Basic attributes of commodities: Commodities have two basic attributes: use value and value.
(1) Meaning of value: Value refers to undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities.
Different commodities can be exchanged because they are valuable, and value is the basis of commodity exchange. )
(2) The meaning of use value: use value refers to the property that goods can meet people's needs. The use value of goods varies widely.
(3) The relationship between the two: commodity is the unity of use value and value. Value is inseparable from use value, which is the material undertaker of value; Use value is inseparable from value, otherwise it is not a commodity. It is impossible for producers and consumers to have both use value and value. Producers must transfer use value in order to realize value, and consumers must pay value in order to obtain use value.
2, the emergence and nature of money:
(1) the emergence of money: money is the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage. The purpose is to overcome the difficulties encountered in direct exchange of things. The emergence of money has gone through four stages: ① the occasional barter stage; ② Expanded barter exchange stage; (3) the generation stage of universal equivalence; ④ Generation stage of currency: Among many commodities, gold and silver are most suitable as universal equivalents because of their natural properties such as small size, great value, portability, long-term preservation, uniform texture and easy division. So precious metals were used as universal equivalents, which marked the official appearance of money.
(2) The essence of money: money is a commodity separated from commodities and fixed as a universal equivalent. The essence of money is still universal equivalent.
3. Basic functions of money: Money has two basic functions: value scale and means of circulation.
(1) Value scale: ① Meaning: refers to the function of money as the expression and measure of all other commodity values.
(2) Price: the value of goods expressed in a certain amount of money. Value is the basis of price, which determines the price and reflects the value.
As a measure of value, money does not need real money, but only conceptual money.
(2) Means of circulation: ① Meaning: refers to the function of money as a medium of commodity exchange.
(2) Commodity circulation: commodity exchange with money as the medium. Formula: w-g-w?
(3) real money is needed.
(3) The other three functions of money: storage means, payment means and functions of money of the world.
4, metal currency and paper money:
(1) The meaning of paper money: the mandatory value symbol issued by the state.
(2) The essence of paper money: paper money is only a symbol of value, and it has no value in itself, so it can only be used under the compulsion of the state.
(3) Compared with metal currency, paper money is cheaper to make, easier to keep, carry and transport, and avoids the wear and tear of coins in circulation.
(4) Issuing paper money: The state has the right to issue paper money, and has the right to stipulate the face value and the number of paper money to be issued, but it cannot stipulate the actual purchasing power of paper money and cannot issue paper money at will. The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of money needed in circulation. Excessive circulation of paper money will lead to rising prices and affect people's lives and social and economic order; If the circulation of paper money is too small, it will make it difficult to sell goods and directly hinder the circulation of goods.
(the amount of money needed in circulation = the total price of goods/the number of times of money circulation =W price level? W quantity for sale /G circulation speed)
★ Inflation and deflation
Difference: ① The meaning and essence are different. The former refers to the phenomenon of overall and sustained price increase in economic operation. One of the main reasons is that the circulation of paper money exceeds the amount actually needed in circulation.
First, its essence is that the total social demand is greater than the total social supply;
The latter is an opposite economic phenomenon, which is characterized by a long-term overall and sustained decline in the price level, usually accompanied by the emergence of economic recession, and its essence is that the total social demand is less than the total social supply.
② The causes are different. There are four types of the former, namely, demand-driven, cost-driven, structural and comprehensive, among which the excessive circulation of paper money belongs to demand-driven type. The latter is caused by the change of macroeconomic environment from commodity shortage to relative surplus, the weak growth of money supply, and the price drop transmitted by foreign economic crisis.
③ Different manifestations: The former is characterized by devaluation of paper money, rising prices and overheating of the economy; The latter is characterized by falling prices, weak market and economic recession.
(4) Different hazards: the former will directly lead to the devaluation of paper money and the rise of prices. If the real income of residents does not increase, the living standard will decline, the purchasing power will decline, and it will be difficult to sell goods, resulting in social and economic life disorder; The latter causes the price to drop, which is beneficial to residents' life in the short term. However, the long-term sharp drop in the overall price level will affect investors' confidence and residents' consumption psychology, leading to a downturn in market sales, which is unfavorable to long-term economic development and residents' long-term interests.
⑤ Different solutions.
The main ways to solve inflation are: First, vigorously develop production and increase effective supply. Second, control the money supply and credit scale, implement a moderately tight monetary policy and a fiscal policy of living within our means, and strive to increase revenue and reduce expenditure.
To solve deflation, we mainly rely on the comprehensive use of investment, consumption and export measures to stimulate economic growth and implement a prudent monetary policy and a proactive fiscal policy. For a developing country like China, it is especially necessary to rely on the policy of expanding domestic demand. ? Connection: ① All of them are manifested as the imbalance between the total social demand and the total social supply. (2) It will affect the normal economic life and social and economic order. Therefore, effective measures must be taken to curb it.
Second, credit instruments and foreign exchange.
1. The development forms of money: physical money, metal money, paper money, credit money and electronic money.
2. Settlement and credit instruments:
(1) The settlement methods are cash settlement and transfer settlement.
(2) Credit instruments for settlement: credit cards, checks, etc.
① Credit card:
A. Meaning: an electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc. Among them, bank credit card is a kind of credit certificate issued by commercial banks to customers with good credit status.
B. Functions of credit card: As a credit tool for transfer and settlement, credit card integrates deposit, withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry. It reduces the use and inconvenience of cash, simplifies the collection procedures, saves transaction costs, facilitates shopping and consumption, enhances consumption safety, and brings great convenience to cardholders. (Advantages of simplicity, safety and convenience)
② Check:
A. Meaning: it is a payment voucher for demand deposit, and it is a bill issued by the drawer. The bank entrusted to handle the cheque deposit business unconditionally pays a certain amount to the payee or the holder at sight.
B. types: transfer check and cash check. Transfer cheque is applicable to transfer settlement in the same city.
C. Precautions and characteristics of cash checks: keep them properly and don't fold them; Accuracy, cash checks should check whether the amount is consistent with the case and whether the unit writing is correct; Validity period, during which withdrawals are made from designated banks; Indirect, can not be used for direct shopping, checks are generally used for settlement in the same city.
3. Foreign exchange and exchange rate:
(1) The meaning of foreign exchange: foreign exchange is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.
(2) Meaning of exchange rate: Exchange rate, also called exchange rate, is the exchange rate between two currencies.
(1)100 foreign currency can be exchanged for more local currency-? Foreign exchange rate rises (local currency rate falls)-? Foreign currency appreciation, local currency depreciation? Restrain imports and stimulate export-capital inflow. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
② The factors that affect the exchange rate change are: balance of payments, inflation, interest rate level, exchange rate policy, major international political events, information, psychology, speculation and other factors.
③ Factors that determine the exchange rate: The exchange rate is determined by the ratio of the actual purchasing power of the domestic currency to that of other countries.
(3) the significance of maintaining the stability of RMB value:
① The meaning of stable value of RMB: it mainly means that RMB neither depreciates nor appreciates. That is, to keep the overall price level stable internally and the real effective exchange rate of RMB stable externally.
② Significance of keeping the value of RMB stable: It is of great significance to the stability of people's lives, the sound and rapid development of the national economy and the stability of world financial and economic development.
(4) the consequences of RMB appreciation
Positive impact:
(1) is beneficial to China's import. The cost of manufacturers who depend on the import of raw materials has dropped.
② The ability of domestic enterprises to invest abroad has been enhanced. Profits of foreign-invested enterprises in China increased.
(3) It is beneficial for talents to study and train abroad. China people's international purchasing power has increased.
(4) Debt repayment pressure is reduced. It is more cost-effective to sell assets in China.
⑤ The international status of RMB in China has been improved.
Negative effects:
The appreciation of RMB will bring greater deflationary pressure to China.
The appreciation of RMB exchange rate will lead to the decline of attracting foreign investment and reducing foreign direct investment in China. It has done some harm to China's foreign trade export.
③ The appreciation of RMB exchange rate will reduce the profit rate of China enterprises and increase the employment pressure.
(4) The fiscal deficit will increase due to the appreciation of RMB exchange rate, which will also affect the stability of monetary policy.
(5) Foreign currency is not equal to foreign exchange and can be used for international settlement, but not necessarily. The main function of foreign exchange is international settlement. Foreign exchange reserves are mainly used to stabilize exchange rates, repay debts and balance international payments.
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