Has the enterprise taken certain measures to deal with the fluctuation risk brought by pork prices?
One * * * two, I hope it is useful to the landlord. What is financial risk? Financial risk is a realistic problem that enterprises must face in the process of financial management. Financial risks exist objectively. Enterprise managers can only take effective measures to reduce financial risks, but can not completely eliminate financial risks. By analyzing the types of enterprise financial risks, this paper finds out the specific reasons of different financial risks and tries to explore effective methods to solve various financial risks. In today's world, it is not uncommon for companies, even mega-companies, to go bankrupt due to financial risks, such as Enron, one of the top 500 companies in the world in 2002. Therefore, ignoring financial risks will bring us serious consequences. Definition and basic types of financial risk Financial risk refers to the possibility that an enterprise will suffer economic losses or greater benefits because of various unpredictable and uncontrollable factors in various financial activities in a certain period and within a certain scope. The financial activities of enterprises run through the whole process of production and operation, and there may be risks in financing, long-term and short-term investment, profit distribution and so on. According to the source of risk, financial risk can be divided into: 1. Financing risk refers to the uncertainty of financial results brought by enterprise financing due to the changes of capital supply and demand market and macroeconomic environment. Financing risks mainly include interest rate risk, refinancing risk, financial leverage effect, exchange rate risk and purchasing power risk. Interest rate risk refers to the change of financing cost caused by the fluctuation of financial assets in the financial market; Refinancing risk refers to the uncertainty caused by the changes of financial instruments and financing methods in the financial market, or the difficulties caused by the unreasonable financing structure of enterprises themselves; Financial leverage effect refers to the uncertainty that enterprises bring to the interests of stakeholders by leveraging financing; Exchange rate risk refers to the uncertainty of foreign exchange business results caused by exchange rate changes; Purchasing power risk refers to the influence of currency changes on financing. 2. Investment risk Investment risk refers to the risk that the final income deviates from the expected income due to changes in market demand after the enterprise has invested a certain amount of money. Foreign investment of enterprises mainly includes direct investment and securities investment. In China, according to the provisions of the company law, shareholders holding more than 25% of the company's equity should be regarded as direct investment. Securities investment mainly includes stock investment and bond investment. Stock investment is a form of investment that takes risks and enjoys benefits. Bond investment is not directly related to the financial activities of the invested enterprise, but only charges fixed interest on a regular basis, and faces the risk that the invested enterprise will not be able to repay its debts. Investment risks mainly include interest rate risk, reinvestment risk, exchange rate risk, inflation risk, financial derivatives risk, moral hazard and default risk. 3. Operational risk Operational risk, also known as operational risk, refers to the lag of enterprise capital movement and the change of enterprise value due to the influence of uncertain factors in supply, production and sales in the production and operation of enterprises. Business risks mainly include procurement risk, production risk, inventory liquidation risk and accounts receivable liquidation risk. Procurement risk refers to the possibility of insufficient supply due to the change of suppliers in the raw material market, and the deviation between the actual payment period and the average payment period due to the change of credit conditions and payment methods; Production risk refers to the change of production process due to the change of information, energy, technology and personnel, and the possibility of shutdown or delayed sales due to insufficient inventory; The risk of inventory realization refers to the possibility that product sales will be blocked due to product market changes; The risk of realizing accounts receivable refers to the possibility of increasing the management cost of accounts receivable due to excessive credit sales, and the deviation between the actual recovery period and the expected recovery period due to the change of credit sales policy. 4. Inventory management risk Maintaining a certain amount of inventory is very important for the normal production of enterprises, but how to determine the optimal inventory is a thorny issue. Excessive inventory will lead to product backlog, occupy enterprise funds, and have great risks; Too little inventory may lead to the untimely supply of raw materials, affect the normal production of enterprises, and in serious cases, it may cause breach of contract to customers and affect the reputation of enterprises. 5. Liquidity risk Liquidity risk refers to the possibility that enterprise assets cannot transfer cash or corporate debts normally and clearly, and cash payment obligations cannot be performed normally. In this sense, the liquidity risk of enterprises can be analyzed and evaluated from two aspects: liquidity and solvency of enterprises. Due to the problem of enterprise's ability to pay and repay debts, it is called the risk of cash shortage and cash failure. Liquidity risk is a problem because the assets of an enterprise cannot be converted into cash with certainty. There are many reasons for enterprise financial risk, both external and internal, and the specific reasons for different financial risks are not the same. The general causes of enterprise financial risks are as follows: 1. The complexity of macro-environment of enterprise financial management is the external cause of enterprise financial risk. The macro environment of enterprise financial management is complex and changeable, but the enterprise management system can't adapt to the complex and changeable macro environment. The macro-environment of financial management includes economic environment, legal environment, market environment, social and cultural environment, resource environment and other factors, which exist outside the enterprise, but have a significant impact on the financial management of the enterprise. 2. Enterprise financial managers have insufficient understanding of the objectivity of financial risks. Financial risks exist objectively. As long as there is financial activity, there must be financial risks. However, in practical work, the financial managers of many enterprises lack risk awareness. Weak risk awareness is one of the important reasons for financial risks. 3. Lack of scientific financial decision-making leads to decision-making mistakes. Financial decision-making mistakes are another major cause of financial risks. The premise of avoiding financial decision mistakes is scientific financial decision. 4. The internal financial relationship of the enterprise is unknown. This is another important reason for the financial risk of enterprises. In terms of fund management and use, benefit distribution, etc., there are problems such as unclear rights and responsibilities and poor management between enterprises and internal departments, and between enterprises and superior enterprises. , resulting in inefficient use of funds, serious capital loss, can not guarantee the safety and integrity of funds. This mainly exists in the financial relations of some listed companies. The financial relationship between the parent companies and subsidiaries of many group companies is very chaotic, and there is a lack of effective supervision and control over the use of funds. The main measures to resolve financial risks The financial risks of enterprises exist objectively, and it is impossible and unrealistic to eliminate them safely. For the financial risk of enterprises, we can only take measures as far as possible to reduce its impact to a minimum. 1. Main measures to solve the financing risk: When an enterprise encounters the difficulty of insufficient funds in its operation, it can raise the required funds by issuing stocks, bonds or bank loans. 2. Main measures to resolve investment risks: From the perspective of risk prevention, the investment risks are mainly reduced by controlling the investment period and investment varieties. Generally speaking, the longer the investment period, the greater the risk, and enterprises should try to choose short-term investment. When investing in securities, we should adopt the strategy of diversification, select several stocks to form a portfolio, and reduce the risk by offsetting each other in the portfolio. In the risk analysis of stock investment, β coefficient analysis or capital asset pricing model can be used to determine the risks of different securities portfolios. Beta coefficient is less than 1, indicating that its risk is less than the average risk of the whole market, and it is an investment object with less risk. 3. The main measures to resolve the exchange rate risk: (1) Select the appropriate contract currency. In foreign trade, lending and other economic transactions, the choice of currency as the pricing currency is directly related to whether the transaction subject will bear the exchange rate risk. In order to avoid exchange rate risk, enterprises should try to use their own currency as contract currency, use hard currency when exporting products and capital, and use soft currency when importing and importing capital. At the same time, measures such as hedging clauses are added to the contract. (2) Hedging through financial markets. The main methods are cash transaction, futures transaction, forward transaction, option transaction, loan investment, interest rate-currency swap, foreign currency bill discount and so on. (3) The conversion risk of economic entities in the process of balance sheet accounting treatment is generally resolved by implementing balance sheet hedging. This method requires that the insured assets expressed in various functional currencies on the balance sheet are equal to the insured liabilities, so that the converted risk position is zero. Only in this way, exchange rate changes will not bring translation losses. (4) diversification. In other words, its sales, origin and source of raw materials are scattered internationally. Through the diversification of international operations, when the exchange rate changes, the management department can increase the production of branches that are beneficial to the exchange rate change and reduce the production of branches that are unfavorable to the exchange rate change by comparing the changes in production, sales and costs in different regions. (5) Financial diversification. That is to say, in multiple financial markets, seeking the source and destination of funds in multiple currencies and implementing diversified financing and investment enable companies to offset most foreign exchange risks when some foreign currencies depreciate and some foreign currencies appreciate, thus achieving the purpose of preventing risks. 4. Main measures to resolve liquidity risk: The assets with strong liquidity of enterprises mainly include cash, inventory, accounts receivable and other items. The purpose of preventing liquidity risk is to maximize income while maintaining asset liquidity. Therefore, we should determine the best cash holdings and the best inventory to speed up the recovery of accounts receivable. We all know that holding cash has a time cost. If you hold too much cash, you will obviously lose other profit opportunities because of higher capital occupation, while if you hold too little cash, you will face the risk that the funds will not meet the liquidity demand. Therefore, enterprises should determine an optimal cash holdings, so as to maximize the benefits on the premise of preventing liquidity risks. 5. Main measures to resolve business risks: The more stable the market demand of enterprise products, the more certain the future business income of the enterprise, and the smaller the business risks. Therefore, when determining what kind of products to produce, enterprises should first do a good job in product market research. To produce marketable products, the selling price is one of the decisive factors of product sales revenue. The more stable the sales price, the more stable the sales income, the more stable the future operating income of the enterprise, and the less the operating risk. As a new modern tool for human beings to know and explore nature, infrared technology has been widely used in biology, medicine, earth science and natural science as well as military reconnaissance in many countries. But everywhere. Plex as result of goal infrared radiation, the factor area, the infrared hot image's clarities infrared to visible image far, but people in einferred hot chart analysis question time, Hoped frequency multanously analysts est e visible light. rmations and the infrared. rmations Then, the basic concept and hierarchy of image fusion are introduced, and hierarchical fusion is proposed. Then, the triangulation algorithm of image fusion is introduced and analyzed. Finally, these methods are realized by MATLAB program. On this basis, the causes of financial risks are deeply analyzed and studied, and the internal and external causes of financial risks are analyzed and summarized. Therefore, it is suggested to establish risk awareness and an effective risk prevention mechanism; Establish and improve a financial management system that adapts to changes in the financial management environment; Establish financial risk early warning mechanism and strengthen financial crisis management; Improve the scientific level of financial decision-making and prevent financial risks caused by decision-making mistakes; Establish five financial risk prevention measures and five technical methods such as self-insurance, diversified risk control, risk transfer, risk avoidance and risk reduction, and control and prevent financial risks by preventing internal systems. Only by controlling, preventing and resolving the financial risks of enterprises can we ensure that enterprises are invincible in the fierce market competition. Causes of financial risks (1) External reasons 1, and financing risks brought by changes in national policies. Generally speaking, due to the unstable production and operation of small and medium-sized enterprises. Changes in a country's economic or financial policies may have a certain impact on the production and operation, market environment and financing forms of small and medium-sized enterprises. Since 2007, China has strengthened macro-control. The central bank raised the deposit reserve ratio for the fourth time, especially the implementation of the differential reserve system, which tightened the credit of small and medium-sized commercial banks that directly serve small and medium-sized enterprises. The capital supply of small and medium-sized enterprises is blocked first, and the financing risk increases a lot. Small and medium-sized enterprises were forced to stop production or reduce their business scale because they could not get much-needed funds. 2. Financing risks caused by poor bank financing channels. The source of enterprise funds is nothing more than its own funds and external financing. Among all kinds of financing methods, bank credit is an important source of funds. However, under the influence of imperfect national financial policies and systems, banks' enthusiasm for loans to SMEs is generally not high, which makes loans more difficult and increases the financial risks of enterprises. (2) Internal reasons 1, blindly expanding the investment scale. A considerable number of small and medium-sized enterprises, under the immature conditions, unilaterally pursue the expansion of the company's extension based on empirical judgment, ignoring the company's connotation and core competitiveness, resulting in a great waste of funds when investing. 2. Investment decision-making mistakes. For enterprises, the correct industrial choice is the strategic starting point for survival and development. However, in the process of choosing industries, some enterprises often ignore the concept that "industrial selection is a dynamic process" and cannot keenly grasp the trend and direction of industrial evolution. 3. Improper selection of investment partners. When making investment decisions, enterprises must fully consider the qualifications and credibility of their partners and have the ability to bear corresponding risks. 4. Lack of honesty. Lack of credit in small and medium-sized enterprises is a common phenomenon. Therefore, if banks want to provide loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, or investors want to invest in small and medium-sized enterprises, they must increase the input of human resources to improve information collection and quality analysis. On the one hand, it increases the loan and investment costs of banks or investors. On the other hand, it also brings difficulties to the financing of SMEs. There is great uncertainty about whether and how much financing SMEs can get. 1 Financial Risk of SMEs "Research on Financial Risk Assessment and Control of SMEs" holds that financial risk is the possibility for enterprises and shareholders to participate. Due to the uncertainty of enterprise funds, it is difficult to adopt different financial risk models. starting from theanalysisofinancialirisonistimeaning, characteristicsandtypesofcontentatthisbasedonthecausesofthefinancialiriscto conduct in-depthanalysis and detailed search, analysis concludes atthefinancialirissarisingfrom internalfactorsandexternalaspects; On the other hand, establish risk awareness and risk prevention mechanism; setupandimprovthefinancialmanagementsystemtometthefinancialmanagementofenvironmentalchange; Establish financial risk early warning mechanism and strengthen financial crisis management; Improve the scientific nature of financial decision-making and guard against financial risks; Establishing BindingMechanismStoControl and Guardagainst FinancialFinancialSecurity risk prevention measures through internalsystemstoprevent use technologies such as self-protection, decentralized risk control, risk transfer, risk avoidance and risk reduction. onlycontrolledenterpricestoguardagainststandfusefinancialrisks, In order to ensure that enterprises are in the fierce. Petitioninthemarketintainable position. TheCausesofthefinancialdisks (a) ExternalCases1,ThenationalpolicychangestBroughbythefinancing risk. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized products and operations are unstable. Changes in a country's economic and monetary policies may have a certain impact on the production and management, market conditions and financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. Since 2007, China has stepped up macroeconomic regulation and control, especially the central bank has been ready to implement the difference between the direct deposit system and small and medium-sized services. The source of funds for enterprises is nothing more than their own funds and external financing. In all kinds of financing methods, bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks are not affected by this situation in the country's financial policy and financial system. It is generally believed that the difficulty in lending to small and medium-sized enterprises increases the financial risks of enterprises. (2) Internal factors, blindly expanding the scale of investment. In this case, there are quite a few conditions that have not been considered, and only one-sided experience determines the degree of expansion, ignoring the connotation and competition of the company, resulting in a lot of capital investment being wasted. For business, the right choice is the starting point of survival and development strategy. However, in the process of selection, some industrial enterprises often ignore the concept of "industries Isadynamicselectionprocess", which should not be ignored. When making investment decisions, enterprises must fully consider qualified partners and reputation, and should bear corresponding risks. Lackofsmecreditisa. monstation. Therefore, Small and medium-sized dbankstoprovidelonsornvestmentstosmalland medium-sized peoplehadtosepinvestmentonhuman resourcesinderto improve the quality of. rmati oncollectionandanalysis. On the one hand, it increases the borrowing and investment costs of investment banks or individuals, on the other hand, it also increases the financing difficulty of small and medium-sized enterprises. capabilities to financial capital,ToFinancientEnumeration,The financing of mesexist greatuncertainess。 Answer time: 2011-10-2318: 46: 36.