The main countermeasures to avoid market risks are:

First, completely avoid risks, that is, avoid the source of risks by giving up or refusing to cooperate and stopping business activities. Although potential or uncertain losses can be avoided, the opportunity for gains will also be lost.

Second, risk loss control is to reduce the degree of loss by raising the probability of loss.

Third, transfer risk, that is, transfer the potential losses that you may suffer to the other party or third party in a certain way.

Fourth, self-retained risks can be passive or active, unconscious or conscious.

Risk aversion. Because sometimes it is impossible or obviously unfavorable to completely avoid risks, this kind of planned risk retention can be regarded as a way to avoid risks.

What is market risk avoidance? How to effectively avoid market risks? Thanks!

The problem is too big to analyze in detail.

To put it simply, if you want to avoid legal risks during business operations, the easiest way is to hire a legal consultant, review the company's relevant contracts, and consult a legal consultant promptly if you have any legal issues.

How to effectively avoid risks that may arise in the operation and management of enterprises

Enterprise operation risks refer to the dangers that may occur in the operation and management process of enterprises. Enterprise operating risks usually mainly include the following five types:

1. Policy risk: refers to the impact of changes in national policies on industries and products (macroeconomic regulation and industrial policy orientation)

2. Market risk: refers to whether the company's products are marketable in the market and whether it has market competitiveness (technology, quality, service, sales channels and methods, etc.)

3. Financial risk: refers to Due to poor management, the company has difficulty in capital turnover, or even goes bankrupt (capital structure, asset-liability ratio, receivables and payables, cash flow problems, etc.)

4. Legal risk: due to improper signing of the contract Be careful and fall into a contract trap, causing serious economic losses to the company (breach of contract, fraud, intellectual property infringement)

5. Team risk: refers to core team issues, employee conflicts, loss and knowledge management, etc.

Recommendation: In the process of business operations, firmly establish risk awareness and take preventive measures to prevent business risks to the greatest extent.

1. Establish and improve various corporate rules and regulations, especially the contract management system, financial management system and intellectual property protection system.

2. Strengthen customer credit management. The main purpose is to establish customer files and understand the customer's credit status.

3. Carefully sign and review various contracts signed by the enterprise externally, and strengthen control and supervision over the performance of the contracts.

3. Basic methods to avoid business risks

Entrepreneurship is risky, but risks and opportunities coexist. The greater the risk, the more opportunities there may be. Because of this, many entrepreneurs know that there are tigers in the mountains and prefer to go there.

A rational entrepreneur should not avoid risks, but should try to reduce risks as much as possible and actively prevent risks in business activities.

1. Learn to analyze risks

2. Be good at assessing risks

Predict the possible negative impacts of risks through analysis.

For example, how much loss can be caused if an investment goes wrong? If the financing amount expires and cannot be recovered, how much economic loss may be caused? Once the payment cannot be collected and the inventory is overstocked, how much impact will it have on the turnover of working capital? A bad cycle in capital turnover (cash flow) may cause harm and expected consequences to normal operating activities.

3. Actively prevent risks

To prevent risks, we must take active countermeasures, such as objective evaluation of investment plans, thorough and detailed investigation of the market, and formulation of reasonable management systems. , ensure a virtuous cycle of circulating capital and master scientific decision-making procedures and methods.

Once a problem occurs in a certain link, we must look at the entire system. Take remedial measures to limit the spread of negative impacts.

4. Avoid and transfer risks

Risks are inevitable, and risks can also be transferred.

For example: insuring property is a transfer of investment accident risks; purchasing goods on credit is a transfer of financing risks, and leasing instead of purchasing equipment is a transfer of investment risks.

As long as it is applied appropriately, the company's risks can indeed be reduced to a minimum.

How to avoid stock market risks

Raise the price to attract retail investors, then suddenly drop to create a lock-up market to trap retail investors, and then slowly consolidate or fall, making the locked-up retail investors lose their patience. Cut the meat at a low point, and after absorbing enough chips, quickly raise the stock price out of the cost zone, and then start to consolidate, because after a strong rise, it consolidates but does not fall. It rose too fast before, and retail investors did not dare to buy. Now it is consolidating up and down. , retail investors began to dare to buy, and then quickly pulled up, making retail investors who bought in this period of consolidation feel lucky that they bought the right thing. This is usually the main rising section of the third wave of stock rises.

Then it enters consolidation. The purpose of consolidation here is to attract new retail investors to buy, and because the correction is not large, retail investors who bought before will not sell. When enough retail investors buy, the main force will quickly start the rise at the end of the fifth wave. Retail investors who buy here will also have the same illusion as the previous retail investors that they have bought the right thing.

So the main force started to pull in and sell out here. Because the rise here is not as continuous as the third wave, retail investors will continue to catch up during the pulling process. When the main holdings have sold out most of their shares, the stock price will start to drop rapidly, and the retail investors who bought before will not sell because of their experience of rising after the previous shock. Wait until you find that the stock price continues to fall to a terrifying position. Retail investors will start to panic and sell off, and at this time the main force will enter the market and quickly pull up. For example, the period of 3373 last year made retail investors think that the bull market had started again, but in fact it was just a B-wave rebound from ABC's downward trend, which was an attempt by the main force to give retail investors false confidence. So retail investors were cheated again.

As a result, the main force will quickly move down to clear the chips

This is how retail investors are cut off again and again.

If you want to change, learn correct technical and chip knowledge

Develop strict stop-profit and stop-loss disciplines and use what you have learned to build a trading system with a high success rate

When you can maintain small profits + small losses + big profits for a long time, you will naturally gain confidence

But remember that only small losses rely on the strict implementation of the stop loss strategy

If the price drops after buying or if the price does not rise after buying for 3 days, it means that your analysis is wrong and you need to admit it

Remember that learning knowledge is not the popular stuff from Baidu

but the ability to pull Come out with a technical analysis method that has been empirically verified in the market with a success rate of more than 70%

Give an example

The yang line swallowing up is the yang wrapping up the yin. No matter where you look for the knowledge, it will tell you the market outlook. Be bullish

But in the statistics of A-shares for twenty years, the probability of the trend after the positive line is engulfed is half or half. So is this kind of technical analysis useful?

Not to mention that if the positive line engulfs after a period of rise, it is called double love, and 70% of the market will fall. For example, the two times after 2638 and the time of 3147 on January 9

On the contrary An example is that the probability of a through line rising in the market outlook is more than 70%. Look at the three through lines that have appeared on the GEM in the past few months. Are there short-term rebounds every time? Including this one on January 17th

This is just a method of studying and judging based on comprehensive knowledge such as K-line, trading volume, chip shape, etc.

What are the risks in the financial market and how to avoid them ? 20 points

As far as I understand it: financial risks mainly include interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, management risk and credit risk.

Then risk avoidance should also be targeted, and should be avoided or prevented based on the types and causes of financial risks.

First of all, in the context of financial repression, it may cause certain efficiency losses, but it may suppress certain risks. But from another perspective, financial repression may cause the development of shadow banking, and If the development of shadow banking is separated from reasonable supervision, it is also likely to cause financial bubbles and financial risks.

Secondly, the country should maintain a relatively appropriate level of foreign exchange, avoid excessive deficits or surpluses, and use a variety of means to balance the balance of payments and stabilize foreign exchange levels;

Thirdly, Strengthen the construction of financial management systems to prevent financial risks that may be caused by improper management systems;

Finally, for credit risks, on the one hand, we should maintain economic and social stability, give investors full confidence, and prevent In the event of a run, on the other hand, a more appropriate level of leverage should be maintained, and the leverage level of the financial industry should not be excessively increased simply for the sake of profit. Otherwise, high leverage can maintain economic prosperity in a short period of time, but it may cause a financial crisis.

Hope you adopt it!

How to avoid market risks

Don’t have a herd mentality, and you can avoid risks. All other rules and regulations are deceptive.

How to avoid trade risks risk?

Foreign trade companies can combine the principles of risk transfer, risk absorption, risk avoidance, risk neutralization and risk diversification and adopt the following preventive measures to reduce trade risks to the lowest level.

1. Improve awareness of import and export trade risk prevention. For foreign trade companies to carry out risk management, the first issue is to update their concepts. It is necessary to train import and export trade business personnel so that they can master the basic knowledge of international trade and all aspects of import and export trade, so that they can effectively identify the risks in each business; it is necessary to regularly or irregularly train business personnel based on trade risk cases. Provide training to enable them to improve their business qualities such as risk analysis and risk extraction in the process of mutual learning; provide business personnel with opportunities for re-education in schools, or send them to study abroad to learn about relevant trade policies in a timely manner and enrich their theoretical knowledge and Practical experience improves scientific risk prevention concepts and business capabilities.

2. Carefully study the signing and execution of contracts to avoid contract risks. Contracts are the beginning, extension and end of every business transaction.

Its signing fixes the cooperative relationship between the two parties. It is the standard evidence for the performance of the contract by both parties and is also the main basis for economic claims, trade disputes and legal proceedings. Therefore, the prevention of contract risks is the key to risk prevention in import and export business. When negotiating business, business personnel must fully understand the trade status of their own companies and try to take the initiative in negotiations. When signing the terms, we adopted an extremely cautious and conscientious attitude to ensure that the form of the contract was standard and standardized, the content of the terms was complete and correct, and the language was simple and clear. After the contract terms are signed, they must be submitted to relevant personnel for review and approval in a timely manner. It is necessary to track the execution of the contract and beware of the other party taking advantage of changes in any clauses in the contract to commit fraud. Once an unexpected situation occurs, one should remain calm and conduct careful investigation and scientific analysis to resolve contract risks at the minimum cost.

3. Establish your own information intelligence system to reduce market risks. There are extremely many factors that cause market risks, and preventing them is a major focus of risk prevention in the import and export business. Modern society has entered the information age, where information is obtained quickly and through various channels. However, all types of information will have certain incompleteness, inaccuracy, and asymmetry, especially the timeliness of information, which may lead to errors in decision-making by foreign trade companies. Therefore, it is necessary to establish its own information intelligence system, comprehensively carry out investigation and research work on international and domestic markets, keep abreast of international and domestic political, economic, legal and other policy trends, and timely grasp consumer preferences, product supply and demand conditions, and foreign exchange markets, etc. Changes in the information will be fed back in a timely manner and processed and sorted to study the risk events that may be caused by various risk factors, so that companies can start hedging and other businesses as early as possible to neutralize market risks. At the same time, by establishing an internal reporting system, a credit information system and a credit research system, we can collect and analyze international and domestic market conditions, customer credit, business processes and other information, and make correct assessments to select markets for relevant internal departments of the enterprise. and provide support for the company’s next decision-making.

4. Improve the credit management system and weaken credit risks. Previously, the prevention of credit risks by my country's foreign trade companies has always been a relatively weak link in the risk prevention of import and export businesses. Especially in export trade, my country's foreign trade companies have suffered huge losses due to fraud. Therefore, in the future, our country will establish a new credit management department, starting from standardizing the customer credit management system, understanding customer status from multiple angles, multi-faceted, and dynamic, unified analysis of customer information resources, assessing customer credit types or levels, and following the information mastered. Update assessment results in a timely manner when changes occur, and try to know ourselves and our enemies. Next, the customer credit control system must be improved, and customers with different credit types or levels should be treated differently in terms of advance payment, credit guarantee, payment arrears, etc. Especially in export trade, we must strive to improve the management level of receivables. We must not only implement the responsibilities and tasks of payment settlement, but also pay attention to the liquidity of receivables and the accounting of actual costs. Conduct full-process risk control through mid-term control and subsequent collection of funds to prevent bad debts from forming or falling into trade scams. In addition, foreign trade enterprises can choose export credit, export factoring business or bank confirmation business under the document of acceptance according to the specific trade business conditions to reduce the foreign exchange collection risk caused by the credit department.

5. Insure appropriately and promptly to prevent transportation risks. Most of the transportation of goods in the import and export business involves long transportation distances, long transportation times, complex procedures, and many links. It is a dense section with some inherent risks or malicious risks. Therefore, it is very necessary to provide appropriate and timely insurance for goods during transportation. Since the transportation process of goods is a process in which trade risks are transferred from the exporter to the importer, the original...>>

How to avoid risks in my country's securities market

1. Diversifying Systemic Risks

There is a proverb in stock market operations: "Don't put all your eggs in one basket." This expresses the philosophy of risk diversification. One way is to "diversify investment capital units." Some studies in the late 1960s found that if funds were evenly distributed among several or even many arbitrarily selected company stocks, the overall investment risk would be greatly reduced. They found that the risk of investing in a "portfolio group" of 60 randomly selected stocks can be reduced to about 11.9%. That is, if the funds are evenly distributed among the stocks of many companies, the total investment return rate will change by The change will reach 20.5% in 6 months. If you have a small amount of cash that is not used temporarily and you can bear the possible losses caused by its investment, then you can choose stocks with high returns to invest; if you have a large amount of cash, If you have a huge amount of cash that you cannot afford to lose, then you'd better adopt a diversified investment method to reduce risks. Even if there are unexpected events, "the east will not light up and the west will light up" and the whole army will not be "annihilated". The second method is "decentralized industry selection." Securities investment, especially stock investment, not only requires diversified investments in different companies, but also these different companies should not be all in the same industry or adjacent industries. It is best to have some or all of them in different industries, because*** The same economic environment will have the same impact on companies in the same industry and companies in adjacent industries. If investments are made in different companies in the same industry or adjacent industries, the purpose of risk diversification will not be achieved. Only unrelated companies in different industries are likely to suffer secondary losses and gain from each other, thus effectively diversifying risks. The third method is "time dispersion".

As far as stocks are concerned, as long as the joint-stock company is profitable, stock holders will regularly receive dividends and dividends from the company. For example, companies in Hong Kong and Taiwan usually hold a shareholders' meeting in March every year to decide the amount and amount of dividends per share. Some companies have development policies and plans to pay dividends in April. Companies in the United States pay dividends every six months. Generally, near the eve of dividend payment, after the stock market learns the company's dividend payment, the corresponding stock price will change significantly. For short-term investment, it is advisable to purchase the stock in large quantities before the dividend payment date, and then resell the stock after receiving dividends and other benefits; while long-term investors are not advisable to purchase the stock during this period. Therefore, securities investors should diversify their investment time according to different investment purposes to spread risks at different stages. The fourth method is "seasonal dispersion". Stock prices will vary greatly during the off-peak and peak seasons of the stock market. Since the stock price will fall during the off-season of the stock market, it will cause additional losses to the sellers of the stock; similarly, if a stock is purchased rashly at one time during the alternation between the peak season and the off-season, the stock price will turn from high to low, which will also cause the buyer's loss. cost loss. Therefore, when the degree of stock weakness cannot be predicted, the time for investment or withdrawal of investment should be lengthened, and there should be no rush to inject capital into the stock market or withdraw funds, and take several months or longer to complete the purchase or withdrawal. Sell ??plan to reduce risk level.

2. Avoiding market risks

Market risks come from various factors and require comprehensive use of avoidance methods. The first is to grasp the trend. Conduct a detailed analysis of the historical data of each stock's price changes to understand its cyclical changes and its ability to sustain earnings growth. For example, in the car manufacturing industry, when the economy is relatively prosperous and the company's profits are guaranteed, the number of car consumers will be greatly reduced. During this period, it is generally not easy to buy its stocks. The second is to match cyclical stocks. Due to their own operating restrictions, some companies always suspend operations and production for a period of time in a year. During this period, most of their stock prices will fall. In order to avoid losses caused by the fall in stock prices, they can strategically purchase other companies at low prices. Stocks with opposite construction starts and shutdowns are combined to compensate for the losses caused by the possible fall in stock prices. The third is to choose the timing of buying and selling. Based on the historical data of stock price changes, calculate the standard error and use it as a general standard for selecting buying and selling timing. When the stock price is lower than the lower limit of the standard error, you can buy stocks. When the stock price is higher than the upper limit of the standard error, it is best to buy stocks. Sell ??the stocks you have. Fourth, pay attention to the investment period. The operating conditions of enterprises are often cyclical. When the economic climate is good, stock market transactions are active; when the economic climate is bad, stock market transactions are bound to wither. Be careful not to use the off-season of the stock market as a period for bulk stock investment. In Western countries, changes in the stock market are more sensitive to the economic climate. Stock prices often begin to fall six months before an economic recession occurs. For example, in February 1991, six months before the U.S. economy entered a new recession, the famous Dow Jones Industrial Index began to fall, and when the economy began... >>

How do commercial banks avoid market risks brought about by interest rate changes

Commercial banks must strengthen interest rate risk management

my country's interest rate marketization reform started in 1993, and the basic idea was formed in 1995. So far, certain results have been achieved. The interest rates in the inter-bank lending market are determined by market supply and demand. The interest rates in the money market are basically liberalized. The interest rate market bidding for government bond issuance, inter-bank bond market repurchase and spot transaction interest rates are also basically determined by the market. , the last and most critical step in interest rate liberalization - the liberalization of RMB deposit and loan interest rates has also entered the pilot stage. Interest rate liberalization is one of the focuses of my country's future financial reform. In the process of interest rate liberalization, commercial banks will inevitably face greater interest rate risks and must focus on strengthening interest rate risk management.

Judging from the actual situation of the domestic financial market, combined with the interest rate risk management experience of Western commercial banks, my country's commercial banks must focus on three aspects and gradually build an effective interest rate risk management system, thereby strengthening the interest rate risk management system. The pertinence and effectiveness of risk management.

(1) Improve the organizational structure of interest rate risk management

A complete interest rate risk management organization is the basis for effective interest rate risk management. Western commercial banks have a specialized decision-making body, the Asset/Liability Mittee (ALCO), to manage interest rate risk, and a specialized department responsible for the daily monitoring of interest rate risk, usually the Asset Liability Management Department. In the specific operation of the bank, other business departments regularly transfer the interest rate risks contained in the department's financial products to this department in accordance with the requirements of the Asset and Liability Management Department, and this department monitors and manages the interest rate risks of the entire bank. In addition, some banks have specially set up interest rate risk management committees or interest rate risk management groups to predict the direction of changes in market interest rates, analyze the impact of interest rate changes on bank operations, and choose the best risk avoidance measures.

The institutional setup of my country's commercial banks is not perfect enough and cannot fully synchronize with the market reform process. The intensity of management lags behind the intensity of risks. Even some banks that are leading the way in corporatization reform and have better management organizations are still struggling. The internal division of functions is also not completely clear.

For example, some banks have established asset liability management and budget committees and risk management committees under the board of directors, but the management focus is on credit risk. Interest rate risk is only one aspect of their market risk management and is not included in the bank's daily operations and risk management. Full consideration. There are also some banks that directly replace the asset and liability management department with credit management department, asset risk management department and other departments, making credit risk management the focus of bank asset and liability management. In addition, the planning and finance departments of some banks are also performing asset and liability management functions, planning and managing the sources and uses of bank funds. However, its management goal is to ensure that the bank's various asset and liability indicators meet the standards of proportional management, and that funds are allocated to various branches and branches across the country to meet the needs of liquidity and profitability. Interest rate risk issues are rarely considered. At present, my country's commercial banks do not have corresponding departments that can play the role of foreign banks' asset and liability management committees and interest rate risk management committees, and the work on interest rate forecasting is even blank. Establishing the necessary organizational structure for interest rate risk management and giving full play to the practical role of the relevant organizational structure are the prerequisites for commercial banks to strengthen interest rate risk management.

(2) Implement meticulous and complete asset and liability management

Asset and liability management runs through the entire process of bank interest rate risk management. Meticulous and complete asset and liability management is the core part of interest rate risk management. . First of all, interest rate risk originates from the mismatch between assets and liabilities, so the identification of bank interest rate risks relies on a full understanding of the asset-liability business. Secondly, methods such as gap analysis, duration analysis, net present value analysis and dynamic simulation analysis of interest rate risk measurement are based on the bank's accurate asset and liability management model. Thirdly, balance sheet structural adjustment and financial derivative transactions are regarded as two ways to control interest rate risk. Therefore, Western commercial banks all use the development of asset and liability management technology with their own characteristics as the main means of interest rate risk management.

my country's commercial banks currently implement asset-liability ratio management, which is still in the initial stage of asset-liability management. Various proportional indicators are formulated from the perspective of ensuring the liquidity and safety of bank funds and cannot effectively reflect actual interest rate risks. Commercial banks must develop asset and liability management technology step by step. At present, they should use gap management as a breakthrough to develop effective interest rate risk identification technology. Because gap analysis has the advantage of being simple and easy to implement compared with other analysis methods. It is also intuitive and effective to adjust the bank's asset and liability structure based on gap analysis. At the same time, gap management can also establish for banks... >>

What are the risks for start-ups? How to effectively avoid risks

Risks for start-ups:

1. Inaccurate positioning: The information is incomplete and inaccurate. Therefore, errors in judgment lead to inaccurate positioning. Even being deceived and deceived, for example: many online franchise organizations simply cannot bring opportunities to entrepreneurs in order to collect franchise fees.

2. Financial risk: Insufficient funds to support profitability, difficulties in financing, resulting in failure of projects that could have been successful.

3. Market risk: The market was good when entering, but more and more entrants resulted in intensified competition, reduced operating profits, and ultimately could not be sustained.

4. Lack of key technologies, resources and other advantages cannot prevent others from following suit. In a society like China that lacks the rule of law, it is difficult for small businesses to succeed solely relying on business models. For example: You create a new online marketing model, but as soon as you create the model, it is copied by a company like Tencent that relies entirely on plagiarism. Can you still succeed?

5. Policy risks

What measures can start-ups take to avoid common intellectual property risks:

1. Enforceability search infringement risks

Founders of companies generally know their products well. If you feel that your products may be at risk of infringement, you can conduct an intellectual property enforceability search: that is, conduct a thorough investigation of the product before it goes online.

Conduct an enforceability search on patents. The scope of the search includes the main technologies in the industry and technologies applied by competitors. At least, whether your own products infringe other people’s intellectual property rights and other rights; conduct a trademark search on trademarks. Search to see if it infringes other people's brands; regarding copyright, you also need to check whether your own products contain content that infringes other people's brands. These surveys will often reveal some problematic aspects. At this time, the product should be evaluated to at least allow the company management to have an idea of ??the extent of the intellectual property risks.

2. Genuine the daily office software of enterprises

Many of the current operating system software, office software, and design software are paid software. Enterprises should authenticate the software they use. You don’t have to pay, but many software can replace paid software with free software.

In addition, it is necessary to manage the software installed on the company's internal computers and restrict employees from installing unauthorized software. Many paid software companies are members of the Commercial Software Alliance, and they have been monitoring and hacking various companies. If a company cannot manage its employees' computers well, it is likely to become the target of their hacking.

3. Review of promotional content

Pictures are another disaster area for intellectual property rights violations. Many pictures posted on official Weibo of companies are used without permission. For infringement of other people's copyrighted works, compensation after being hacked can easily cost several thousand yuan per picture.

In the Internet era, corporate advertising forms have become diverse and the content is also very flexible. However, if you do not pay attention to the copyright issues of the promotional image content at this time, the enterprise may face sky-high claims from the image dealer.