Mussolini waved his pen thousands of times for this war. Now that the war is coming, he can't wait to join the army!
Mussolini fought bravely and tenaciously for his ambition on the battlefield. He was seriously injured in a battle and almost died. He had 27 operations before and after and took out about 44 shrapnel from his body, so he had to return to Milan newspaper.
In order to realize his reactionary ambition, Mussolini gathered 15 old comrades in politics and professions in Milan in March 1919 to form a "fighting fascist party". In ancient Rome, fascism was a symbol of the consul's power. Most of the people who joined the Party were outlaws, determined to destroy the Bolsheviks' influence in Italy and to be enemies with the people.
The situation in p>1919~192 showed that the Italian proletariat had awakened, and the monopoly bourgeoisie could no longer maintain political power by relying on the bourgeois parliament, so it supported Mussolini to establish an open fascist dictatorship of terror to consolidate their dominant position.
Mussolini formed the first fascist government in Italy. In addition, another direct purpose of fostering fascism was that Italian imperialism was ready to participate in the struggle for world re-partition. Italian fascism has been widely supported financially and politically by international reactionary forces, especially British and American monopoly organizations and the Vatican.
Mussolini, the leader of fascism, launched a demagogic propaganda and agitation of national chauvinism in order to recruit supporters among petty bourgeoisie, rich peasants, reactionary college students, military officers and ideological degenerates.
after the birth of the fascist party, these gangsters started terrorist activities against revolutionary groups and advanced elements of the working class. The workers fought bravely against the fascist gangs, but at that time they lacked strong revolutionary leadership and were not well organized. In fact, the leaders of the right and middle factions in the socialist party have cleared the way for fascism with their own appeasement policies.
In order to attract partisans widely, Mussolini not only carried out demagogic propaganda, but also formulated party flag and party emblem. The symbol of the Italian fascist party (and the source of its name) is a bunch of sticks. This used to be the symbol of a high-ranking magistrate in ancient Rome, and Mussolini took it as the party emblem of the fascist party. A bunch of sticks are tied together with an axe in the middle. The stick symbolizes the people and the axe symbolizes the leader, which means that the people must absolutely obey their brave leader. At the same time, this symbol also symbolizes the ancient glory of the Italian people.
The fascist party also stipulated that it was necessary to salute in Romanesque style and sing the youth March.
Mussolini used the slogan "believe, obey and fight" to replace the "freedom, equality and fraternity" of democratic politics that he despised. Mussolini is worthy of being a generation of fierce men, and he constantly uses some dirty tricks to lure and confuse people. "If anyone wants to oppose the finished and won war now, we will bluntly admit that we are the main battlers. We feel very honored and we will shout loudly:' Go away, you hooligans!'" No one can forget the soldiers who died for the war. They form a sacred and inviolable group, just like the pyramids in Egypt meet the sky. They belong to no one, and no one can separate them. They don't belong to any party, they belong to the whole motherland. They belong to all mankind ... Can we stand by and watch the dead be humiliated? "
this means is really clever! Mussolini's propaganda with ulterior motives really had an impact in the military field. Some main battle fighters, veterans, thugs, dismissed officers and the Altite grenade broadsword team gathered under the banner of fascism. This makes the ambitious Mussolini even more arrogant!
At the same time, Mussolini thoroughly ruled ideologically and organizationally. Anyone who joins the "fighting fascist" organization must abide by Mussolini's creed, that is, obey orders and don't talk empty words; Clear purpose, desperate to fight for victory; Commemorate the dead and respect the disabled and the families of the dead. In a word, it is to oppose * * *, socialism and create a new fascist Italy politically.
At that time, in Italy, some people said that they didn't understand what the purpose of fascism was. Some people say that fascism in Italy is like flowers growing in a gardener's garden. In order to expand the propaganda, Mussolini hurriedly wrote out his program and ideas, and issued three notices in succession:
The first time was on March 23rd, announcing that the fascists would hold a meeting to pay tribute to all Italian people who died fighting for Italy's greatness and world freedom; Pay tribute to all those disabled and terminally ill by war; And pay tribute to all those who remember and work hard to fulfill their responsibilities. Fascists also claimed that they were prepared to fully protect and support all the material and spiritual wealth owned by individuals.
this statement won over the military and stabilized the bourgeoisie.
The second announcement declared that fascism was against any imperialism harmful to Italy; Threatening to accept the "hint" of the League of Nations about Italy; Declared to ensure the stability of the Italian border between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea. This announcement further fanned the chauvinism.
In the third manifesto, we talked about the recent elections. Fascists declared that they would compete with all parties, that they would save Italy and act as saviors.
In June, 1916, the treaty of the Allies against Germany was finally signed at Versailles in Paris, which was undoubtedly a nightmare for Mussolini! The fire of anger and discontent are burning and spreading among the military, fascists and fanatical expansionists. The demobilization of 2.5 million soldiers caused widespread unemployment and social unrest. After the war, inflation and economic crisis stifled the weak national economy.
More dangerously, under Mussolini's instigation, nationalists are making waves everywhere. They think that although Italy gained some territory after the war, it felt cheated. When they entered the war that year, Britain and France promised to assign some territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to Italy, but the United States did not honor this promise. President Wilson, who advocated national self-determination, did not approve of assigning this land to Italy. The center of the dispute is the Adriatic port of Fum, which is claimed by both Italians and Yugoslavs.
The fate of Foum shows the development trend of Italian history in a concrete and subtle way. In September, 1919, Gabriele Dannunzio, a fanatical nationalist poet, was determined to seize Fulham under the sponsorship of the fascist party. In order to achieve this goal, he recruited a group of stormtroopers.
In this stormtrooper named Aditi, there are many prisoners who come out of prison and are willing to serve to the death. Under the leadership of Gabriele Dannunzio, these outlaws headed for Fumu, determined to establish a fascist dictatorship there.
In order to seize political power and rapidly develop and expand his power, he has both ends meet, and he has resorted to all means to play tricks and commit black hand, reaching an extremely bad level. He attacked the Italian Socialist Party and opposed Marx's theory of class struggle. On March 23, 1919, Mussolini's speech was "warmly welcomed" by the capitalists at the rally of Milan Merchants Club. Afterwards, Mussolini proudly said to his confidants: "Our policies are both beneficial to the nobility and the civilians; It is both reactionary and revolutionary. "
However, the development of things did not make Mussolini get what he wanted. The general election was announced on November 16th, and fascism suffered a crushing defeat. None of them was elected to Congress, and even in Mussolini's hometown of Milan, his votes were few.
Gabriele Dannunzio and his party's March into Fumu was not smooth either. The mobs occupied Fumu for 15 months, and were forced to withdraw under the pressure of strong international public opinion because Italy and Yugoslavia signed the La Palo Treaty.
many facts show that the broad masses of people are anti-fascist. They are worried that fascism will drag people into a dark hell.
In the face of this situation, Mussolini pretended to be calm. When he cheered up the partisans, he said, "Don't be afraid, Italy will cure its disease by itself. We should summon up courage and work hard! Work hard! Try harder! Our opportunity will come in two years. "
In an article entitled "Let's Sail", he also wrote: "We should sail regardless! Even upstream, even at the risk of capsizing! "
In order to incite national chauvinism and divert the domestic people's attention from fascism, Mussolini spared no effort to attack Nitti's government. On January 8, 192, in the Italian People's newspaper, the front page contained such a title: "The amazing words of Mr. Snail Cagoya". This nickname was given to Nitti by Gabriele Dannunzio, and it became widely known later.
Mussolini also used the same technique to write an editorial entitled "Unfortunate", focusing on how Nitti gave in step by step and humiliated his country in the Paris negotiations.
after some publicity, the crowd became angry. There are also some absurd rumors in the diplomatic missions that the Yugoslavs are going to occupy the whole Adriatic coast, and Rome is in a state of extreme tension and terror. Students, professors, workers and citizens held a massive demonstration, demanding that the government take back Dalmatia and Foum to show their loyalty to the motherland.
At the request of the masses, Nitti's government fell for the third time, and Rao Liti, who was a prime minister, continued to form a cabinet, but his government became increasingly weak and incompetent. The people are increasingly dissatisfied with the situation and the revolutionary movement is booming. They have occupied factories and established factory management committees; The red flag symbolizing the Soviet sickle and axe fluttered over the factory. The people shouted that they wanted to be masters of their own country, and they were full of infinite hatred for fascist thugs.
Mussolini and his followers gnashed their teeth and hated it. They believe that "ignorance" is full of workers and peasants; It is useless to use good words or religious advice; What is most needed is a "timely and sincere recognition of the violence of Yingwu".
they're going to make a big fight and open an operation on the people. As Mussolini confessed, what fascism needs is violence, bloodshed and sacrifice. "Never use the propaganda method of milk and water, and use words-the boring struggle between Congress and the press."
Fascist violence is extremely fierce. Many thugs come from the army and schools. Their fighting squads moved around, intimidating, robbing, blackmailing and harassing the people.
At that time, there were bloody battles in the streets and fields every day. Struggles occur on Sundays, holidays and any time of assembly. Fascist rangers attacked trade unions everywhere, burned the socialist newspaper "Forward", and beat and shot progressives and * * * producers.
In the second general election, fascist gangsters spoke wildly: whoever doesn't vote for the Black Shirt Party will be fatally retaliated, and the lighter will drink a cup of castor oil. In the face of mob threats and gun threats, many people were awed, so the votes won by the fascist party increased greatly. They not only have an overwhelming advantage in Milan, but also succeed in Bologna and Foley.
In November p>1919, the number of votes for Mussolini was only 4,, and in 1921, the number of votes soared to 178,. The fascist party celebrated this. They organized a fascist party group in Congress. Although the fascist party won only 35 seats in the 535 seats in the National Assembly, their reactionary energy was great and they became a deterrent force that could not be ignored in manipulating the National Assembly and interfering in state affairs.
Mussolini not only directed the fascists to fight, but also personally took part in the duel. He fought against his political opponents Sikoti Scriz and Basgio for several rounds, and finally defeated them with his good fencing. In order to encourage the fighting spirit of the partisans, Mussolini turned the cemetery of Augusta into a music venue in Rome, so as to carry forward the samurai spirit, and asked the partisans to "make a decisive battle and die."
due to years of war and the sabotage and destruction of fascism, Italy's economy deteriorated and it was difficult to maintain. by 1922, Italy's largest bank, the national bank, also closed down. This has caused a great shock at home and abroad.
Mussolini, eager to seize power, was lost in thought in the face of this situation: "Ignorance, stupidity, negligence and frivolity, how can he take over such a mess in the future?"
In January, 1922, Mussolini attended the meeting of the League of Nations in France as the editor-in-chief of Italian People. He learned from the meeting that the ratio of Italian currency is half less than that of France. He thought it was a shame and a blow to the victorious country, indicating that Italy was going bankrupt. He exclaimed in an article entitled "After Cannes Conference": "Under the current situation of mental and economic panic, we must move forward, or we will sink."
With the excesses of fascism, the desire to seize power has become more and more acute, and various contradictions in Italy have further intensified. One day, an officer who enthusiastically supported fascism, Lieutenant General Frederick Floria, was assassinated by his subordinates.
Mussolini was very sad about this. He barked, "This is an appalling event!" " He wants fascists to carry on the dead's legacy and resolutely follow the set goals. He said: "In the modern history of Italy, there is no party and no movement that can compare with fascism. There is no ideal comparable to fascism, it is enshrined in the blood of young people. "
The fascist gangsters vowed to fight bloody battles against the revolutionary leading group. In the street, in public places, fascist gangsters commit insurrection everywhere and shoot progressives in the name of maintaining order. Mussolini said at the top of his lungs, "I swear by my reputation that the red party group will be crushed."
In order to strengthen the counter-revolutionary armed forces and prepare to seize power in an all-round way, Mussolini specially organized a military Council to recruit officers and old soldiers, train armed bandits, brutally suppress the * * * production party and revolutionary people's organizations, and create an atmosphere of terror.
All fascists wear black uniforms, so-called black shirts. They worship their leader infinitely, and they pay an ancient tribute every time they see Mussolini. They are murderous and rude, quite like soldiers of the ancient Roman Empire. In the street, they are often heard to "kill! Kill! Kill! " The barking sound.