If pregnant women eat a high-fat diet for a long time, it is bound to increase the risk of fetal reproductive system cancer. Long-term consumption of high-fat food will increase the concentration of cholic acid and neutral cholesterol in large intestine. At the same time, high-fat food can increase the synthesis of prolactin and promote the occurrence of breast cancer, which is not conducive to maternal and child health.

2, it is not suitable for a high egg diet.

High-protein diet during pregnancy will affect the appetite of pregnant women, increase the burden of gastrointestinal tract, and easily cause abdominal distension, loss of appetite, dizziness, fatigue and other phenomena.

3, it is not suitable for high-sugar diet.

Pregnant women with high blood sugar are prone to give birth to overweight fetuses, and also easily lead to fetal congenital malformation and toxemia of pregnancy.

4, should not be high calcium diet.

The pregnant princess blindly eats a high-calcium diet, drinks a lot of milk and takes calcium tablets and vitamin D, which is harmful to the fetus. Excessive calcium supplementation in pregnant women may lead to fetal hypercalcemia. After birth, the fontanel will close prematurely, and the jawbone will widen and protrude, which is not conducive to healthy growth and development.

Pregnant women can eat shrimp.

The food safety of pregnant women during pregnancy is very important, because it will indirectly bring good or bad effects to the baby in the belly. Because of this, every expectant mother should pay attention to her own thoughts and then pay attention. It is necessary to ensure that the baby is nourished and does not hurt the baby. To this end, every expectant mother wants to break her head and store nutrition for her baby. Due to all aspects of the diet during pregnancy, if the expectant mother has no adverse reactions such as allergies and abdominal pain after eating shrimp, she can eat shrimp.

Eating a proper amount of shrimp or shrimp skin during pregnancy can supplement calcium, zinc and other trace elements beneficial to the fetus, especially calcium intake can promote the growth and development of young children, and eating shrimp can also promote the brain development of young children, which can be said to have a great effect on the good development of young children.

Therefore, every expectant mother, as long as you have no adverse reaction to eating shrimp, can eat dried shrimp properly. Eating shrimp can enrich the baby with protein and satisfy the tastes of expectant mothers who like seafood. For expectant mothers, it is really suitable, but even the best things must be eaten in batches. No matter how good it is, you can't be greedy. Sometimes greed is not necessarily good, just as things are essential for people.

Take at least 200mg of DHA every day during pregnancy.

What exactly is DHA?

DHA is the abbreviation of a fatty acid, whose full name is docosahexaenoic acid. There are 22 carbon atoms and 6 double bonds in the molecular structure of fatty acids, and the first double bond appears on the penultimate carbon atom, so it belongs to omega-3 (pronounced "omega-3") fatty acids.

In natural foods, DHA often coexists with another omega-3 fatty acid, namely "eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)". Generally speaking, we pay more attention to DHA, because it is very "special", not only has the longest carbon chain and the most double bonds in the molecular structure, but also has important physiological functions, which is closely related to the formation of fetal nerve development (brain) and vision (optic nerve).

DHA is very important for the intelligent development of fetus.

DHA and EPA are one of the important components of fetal brain tissue. Baby's brain contains 60% fat, of which 20% is omega-3 fatty acids (mainly DHA EPA). In the second and third trimesters, fetal brain cells divide and proliferate very quickly, reaching 250,000 cells per minute. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that DHA is very important for the intelligent development of the fetus.

Studies have shown that adequate intake of DHA during pregnancy and lactation has an impact on infants' intelligence, visual and immune system development and long-term cognitive ability. Other studies have shown that DHA can also reduce the incidence of postpartum depression.

DHA intake: at least 200mg per day.

Pregnant mothers should pay attention to DHA intake from the second trimester (13 weeks). According to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) joint fat expert committee in 2008, the daily intake of DHA and EPA for pregnant women is 300mg, of which DHA is at least 200mg.

DHA and EPA are natural fatty acids, which are relatively safe. No obvious adverse consequences were found when 1000 ~ 2000 mg was added daily.

According to a survey conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in China, the average daily intake of DHA and EPA for adults in China is only 37.6 mg, which is far below the recommended amount. This shows that the DHA intake of the population is not optimistic.

Four sources of DHA and its intake suggestions

So, where can pregnant mothers get DHA? DHA required during pregnancy mainly comes from the following four aspects:

1. Fish and seafood are important sources of DHA.

Fish such as grouper, catfish, Spanish mackerel, eel, hairtail, dike fish, yellow croaker, sardine, perch, tuna and flounder, as well as shrimp, sea crab, shellfish and squid are all rich in DHA. For example,100g hairtail and large yellow croaker have DHA contents of 80mg and 90mg respectively. It is worth noting that the DHA content in other foods is very low except fish and shrimp. At present, there is no database of DHA content in various foods in China.

Nutritionist's advice

Fish and seafood are undoubtedly the best and most recommended sources of DHA. Fish and seafood not only contain DHA, but also provide high-quality nutrients such as protein, vitamin A, iron, zinc and iodine, which are important components of the dietary structure during pregnancy. According to the recommendation of Dietary Guidelines for China Residents, 50 ~ 100g of fish and shrimp should be consumed every day in the second and third trimesters. Here, it is necessary to remind pregnant mothers of the weight of the edible part mentioned here.

2. α -linolenic acid in food can be partially converted into DHA in the body.

The metabolic process of α -linolenic acid to DHA is very complicated, and the conversion amount is difficult to estimate. The foods containing the most α -linolenic acid are linseed oil and perilla seed oil, and the content is mostly 50%~60%. Soybean oil and rapeseed oil also contain about 7% and 8% α -linolenic acid, while peanut oil and corn oil contain little α -linolenic acid. The content of α -linolenic acid in other foods is also very low.

Nutritionist's advice

It is also important to metabolize α -linolenic acid into DHA. In fact, DHA can be synthesized in the body, and the raw material for synthesizing DHA is α -linolenic acid. However, α -linolenic acid cannot be synthesized and must be provided by food. α -linolenic acid is mainly provided by edible oil, especially linseed oil, perilla oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil. Therefore, some linseed oil or perilla oil should be added to the edible oil during pregnancy on the basis of diversification. However, the current research has not fully clarified the efficiency of α -linolenic acid converting into DHA in pregnant women and whether it can meet all the needs of pregnant women.

3. Adding DHA to pregnant women's milk powder

Several special nutrients (such as folic acid, iron, DHA, oligosaccharides, etc. ) is added to pregnant women's milk powder to meet the needs of pregnant women. In fact, it is a formula milk powder (GB 19644-20 10). Most brands (but not all) of pregnant women's milk powder have added DHA, and the addition amount is about 60 mg/100 g.

Nutritionist's advice

The nutritional value of pregnant women's milk powder is better than ordinary milk. Let's look at the ingredients list of a pregnant woman's milk powder: "fresh milk, skimmed milk powder, desalted whey powder, concentrated whey protein powder, lactose, white sugar, maltodextrin, water-soluble dietary fiber (inulin, adding amount 1.5%), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from unicellular algae, choline, magnesium sulfate, ferric pyrophosphate, zinc sulfate and sodium L- ascorbate.

The ingredient list shows that in addition to fresh milk, pregnant women's milk powder also contains protein (skimmed milk powder, desalted whey powder and concentrated whey protein powder), sugars (lactose, white sugar, maltodextrin and water-soluble dietary fiber from inulin), DHA, three minerals (magnesium, iron and zinc) and 14 vitamins. Its nutritional value is higher than that of ordinary milk powder or milk. It is generally recommended that pregnant women choose pregnant women's milk powder in the second and third trimesters.

4. Special DHA nutritional supplements

Specialized DHA nutritional supplements, such as various fish oils and seaweed oils. Individual multivitamin and mineral supplements also contain a small amount of DHA.

Nutritionist's advice

Theoretically, specialized DHA supplements such as fish oil and seaweed oil are the most reliable sources. However, it is not easy to choose a product with reliable quality and good reputation in practice. Most of these products belong to "health food", and the label must have the approval number of the State Food and Drug Administration of the United States, that is, "national food health word G G××××××××××××" (domestic) or "national food health word J ××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××

Many fish oil and seaweed oil health products have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and some even forged approval documents and stole the above marks. Consumers can log on to the website of the US Food and Drug Administration for free (/datasearch/face3/dir.html) to inquire about its manufacturer, approval number, health care function, contact address, etc.

It should be noted that although some people publicize that seaweed oil (without EPA) is superior to fish oil (with EPA), this statement lacks sufficient evidence. You can use fish oil or seaweed oil, and you must choose products with "health food" batch number.

To sum up, in order to meet the demand for DHA during pregnancy, pregnant women should ensure that there are 50~ 100 grams of fish and shrimp in their diet every day from the second trimester (13 weeks). At the same time, on the basis of diversification of edible oil, we should choose some linseed oil or perilla oil. Pregnant women's milk powder should also be included in the daily diet. If these measures are not implemented in place, it is suggested to supplement fish oil and seaweed oil health foods with reliable quality.

What are the stages of calcium supplementation during pregnancy?

First, the early pregnancy (0 ~ 12 weeks) is 1. Generally speaking, the daily calcium requirement in early pregnancy is 800 mg. If expectant mothers in this period can drink 1-2 bags of milk every day (a bag of 250 ml milk contains about 260 mg of calcium). 2. In the early pregnancy (0- 12 weeks), the daily calcium provided by the mother to the fetus increased from 0 to 50 mg. Therefore, it is best for expectant mothers to start calcium supplementation when they are ready to start pregnancy, especially for women who don't like dairy products and are weak.

Second, the second trimester of pregnancy (13 ~ 26 weeks) 1. In order to better absorb calcium, pregnant mothers need to cooperate with calcium supplementation to do some auxiliary work, such as getting more sunshine. Adequate ultraviolet radiation can promote the synthesis of vitamin D in human body and improve the absorption rate of calcium. At the same time, pregnant women can improve the nutritional status of skeletal muscle and increase bone density by exercising bones and joints and doing muscle stretching exercises. 2. Pregnant women should not take calcium supplements at least 20 weeks after pregnancy, because this stage is the most vigorous period of fetal bone formation and development, and the demand for calcium by mothers in the second trimester has increased to 1200 mg.

Third, the third trimester (27 weeks to full term) The third trimester is the period when the baby accumulates the most bones. It requires the mother to provide150-450mg of calcium every day, with an average of about 350mg per day. At this time, we should also insist on supplementing calcium to supplement the calcium needed by ourselves and our baby in the last stage of pregnancy. The Nutrition Society of China suggested that mothers in the third trimester and lactation period should take 1.200mg of calcium every day to ensure the "win-win" of mother and baby bones.

Fourth, the postpartum period.

1, calcium supplementation for postpartum mothers is not only beneficial to their rapid recovery after childbirth, but also can improve the quality of milk. Therefore, mothers who breastfeed their babies must take enough calcium. Because only mothers can get enough calcium and provide high-calcium milk for their babies, otherwise breast-fed babies will also be short of calcium.

After the baby is born, the mother should feed the newborn baby with milk. Healthy lactating mothers contain about 35mg of calcium per 1000ml of milk, so their mothers lose 300-400mg of calcium per1000 ml of milk, and the calcium consumed by mothers who breastfeed for 6 months is about 4-6%. If calcium intake is insufficient, it will affect your bone health. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy is very important, and expectant mothers should follow the rules to lay a solid foundation for the healthy growth of their babies. The absorption of calcium needs to be combined with vitamin D. Vitamin D can help the intestine to absorb calcium, promote the deposition of calcium in bones and reduce the excretion of calcium in kidneys. Vitamin D deficiency can reduce the calcium absorption rate to below 10%. If pregnant women have enough vitamin D, it is beneficial to the absorption of calcium. Therefore, it is very important for calcium tablets to contain appropriate amount of vitamin D for calcium absorption.

What are the precautions for calcium supplementation during pregnancy?

First, the choice of calcium agent:

1. At present, the dosage of calcium agent in the market is mainly active calcium, but it has been reported that arsenic, mercury, lead and chromium are detected in its finished products, which is also very toxic, so it is necessary to evaluate its safety.

2. Among fortified foods, calcium carbonate is the most widely used. Although the absorption and utilization of calcium carbonate vary greatly among individuals, the average utilization rate of people is not significantly different from other forms of calcium and dairy products. Because the dissolution of calcium carbonate requires a lower PH value, it is not suitable for patients with gastric acid deficiency.

3. Organic acid calcium such as calcium citrate has low calcium content, but it is more soluble than calcium carbonate and is suitable for patients with gastric acid deficiency.

4. Calcium phosphate can be used as fortifier in food or calcium futures, but these products are not easy to dissolve and contain a considerable amount of phosphorus, so they are not suitable for patients with renal failure. In addition, many calcium products contain vitamin D, magnesium and other minerals, so care should be taken when these products are used in patients with renal insufficiency or patients with limited intake of some nutrients. At present, a new calcium agent, calcium L- threonate, has appeared. The salt obtained by combining bioactive anions with calcium has a large peak time, half-life and total bioavailability in vivo.

Second, the choice of calcium dosage: the absorption of calcium increases with the increase of calcium intake, but after reaching a certain value, the intake increases again, but the absorption of calcium no longer increases. Pregnant women should consider whether the individual needs of the body (such as age, gender, national habits) or the intake of calcium in food are different when supplementing calcium.

At the same time, calcium supplementation during pregnancy should pay attention to the following points:

1, adverse reaction of calcium. The dosage of calcium is 1-2 mg/d, which can be taken by ordinary people for a long time with few adverse reactions. In some cases, constipation, intestinal swelling and flatulence can be seen. For the elderly and patients with genetic metabolic defects, excessive supplementation can lead to hypercalcemia and contribute to the formation of kidney calculi. Excessive use of calcium preparations containing vitamin D or other elements will lead to vitamin D poisoning or other syndromes;

2. The effect of food on calcium absorption. Food containing too much phosphate or oxalate can form insoluble calcium salt with calcium; Excessive fat can combine with calcium to form insoluble "calcium soap", both of which reduce the absorption of calcium;

3. Pay attention to vitamin D supplementation when supplementing calcium. Many people know that vitamin D can promote the absorption of calcium, so vitamin D supplementation is unlimited. However, excessive intake of vitamin D is easy to accumulate in the body due to its long metabolism time, leading to poisoning. For ordinary adults, regular exposure to the sun is the best source of vitamin D, and there is generally no need to supplement it. For infants and young children, sunbathing is the best way for the body to synthesize vitamin D. Unless they are seriously deficient in vitamin D, they can take it at the lower limit of the doctor's guidance, but not for a long time.

Pregnant women can refer to the following principles for calcium supplementation:

First, try to supplement calcium from natural foods instead of pills, and the diet structure is becoming more and more reasonable;

Second, calcium is not as expensive as possible;

Third, calcium supplementation during meals can enhance the body's absorption of calcium;

Four, calcium should not exceed 500mg at a time.

Fifth, if you are taking thyroid hormones, tetracycline, corticosteroids and other drugs, you need to consult a doctor in advance and make calcium supplements under the guidance of a doctor.