1. The market is a place for commodity exchange.
2. A market is a person or organization that has a demand for a certain commodity or service, has the ability to pay, and wants to conduct a certain transaction.
3. The market is all manifestations and potential buyers of goods or services.
4. The market is the sum of commodity exchange relations, which is conducive to the establishment of relationship marketing.
Market type
First, according to the classification of different market entities.
(a), according to the buyer's purchase purpose and identity.
Consumer market
Producer market-industrial user market or industrial market
Dealer market-middleman market
Government market
(B), according to the role of enterprises
Buy the market-enterprises are buyers in the market, they buy the factors of production.
Sales market-enterprises are sellers in the market, selling their own products.
(three), according to the status of the product or service provider (that is, competition in the market).
perfect competition market
perfect monopoly market
Monopoly competitive market
Oligopoly market
Ii. according to the nature of the consumer ―― according to the different transaction objects.
(a), according to the final use of the transaction object classification.
Market of means of production
Life data market
(b) Classify the monopolistic competitive market according to whether the transaction object has material entities.
visible market
Invisible market
(3), according to the specific content of different trading objects.
Commodity market, technology market, labor market, financial market and information market.
(4) According to humanistic standards:
Women's market, children's market, elderly market
According to geographical standard (spatial standard): according to the geographical location of the market or the area where goods circulate.
Domestic market: northern market, southern market, coastal market, ...
International market: national market and regional market.
(5) Classification according to different time standards of the market.
Cash market
forward market
Market elements
The market consists of all potential customers who have specific desires and needs and are willing and able to meet these desires and needs in exchange.
Market = consumers × purchasing power× purchasing desire
Main characteristics of modern market
(1) unified market.
Significance: Not only make consumers have more choices in the price, variety and service of goods, but also make enterprises have better choices when purchasing production factors and selling products.
② Open the market.
Significance: An open market can enable enterprises to compete and cooperate on a larger scale and at a higher level, and promote economic development.
③ Competitive market
Competition refers to all kinds of self-protection and expansion behaviors taken by economic subjects in order to safeguard and expand their own interests and strive to create advantages in product quality, price, service and variety.
Significance: Full market competition will make economic activities full of vigor and vitality.
④ Orderly market
It is necessary to improve the market supervision system that combines administrative law enforcement, industry self-discipline, public opinion supervision and mass participation.
Significance: The orderly operation of the market ensures equal competition and fair trade, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of producers, operators and consumers.
Trading principle of the market
Voluntary principle? Equality principle? Principle of mutual benefit? commercial morality
trait
Market is the product of social division of labor and commodity production. Where there is social division of labor and commodity exchange, there is a market.
Three factors that determine the market size and capacity: buyers, purchasing power and purchasing desire.
At the same time, in the process of its development and growth, the market has also promoted the further development of social division of labor and commodity economy. Through information feedback, the market directly affects what people produce, how much they produce, time to market, product sales and so on. In the development of commodity economy, producers, suppliers and sellers are linked, and exchange conditions such as exchange places and exchange time are provided for producers, suppliers and sellers to realize the respective economic interests of commodity producers, operators and consumers.
spontaneity
In the market economy, the economic activities of commodity producers and operators are all pursuing their own interests under the spontaneous adjustment of the law of value, which actually determines their own production and business activities according to the fluctuation of prices. Therefore, the first function of the law of value, that is, to spontaneously adjust the distribution of means of production and labor in various departments, not only promotes the rational allocation of resources, but also causes some individuals or enterprises to behave improperly because of excessive pursuit of overall interests, such as producing and selling fake and shoddy products; Bullying the market and disrupting the market order; Everything is for money, not professional ethics and so on. Moreover, the spontaneous adjustment of the law of value will easily lead to the polarization of all social strata, and the resulting contradictions will not be conducive to the healthy development of the economy and society.
lose one's eyesight
Under the condition of market economy, participants in economic activities are engaged in business in their respective fields. It is impossible for a single producer or operator to master all aspects of social information and control the trend of economic change. Therefore, when making business decisions, he only observes what is expensive and what is profitable in the market, and then decides what to produce and what to operate, which is obviously blind. This blindness often leads to social anarchy, which inevitably leads to economic fluctuations and waste of resources.
Hysteresis property
In a market economy, market regulation is an after-the-fact regulation, that is, participants in economic activities only make a decision to expand or reduce the supply and demand of a commodity after the imbalance between supply and demand leads to price increase or decrease. In this way, from the imbalance between supply and demand-price changes-decision-making-to the realization of supply and demand balance, it is inevitable to take different processes and have a certain time difference. In other words, although the market is timely and sensitive, it cannot reflect the long-term supply and demand trend. When people compete to produce a product in the market in pursuit of high price, the demand of commodity society may have reached saturation point, and commodity producers continue to produce in large quantities there, and only after the slow sales lead to the price drop will they suddenly realize.
function
1, balance the contradiction between supply and demand
2. Commodity exchange and value realization
3. Service function
4. Information transmission function
5. Income distribution-the market distributes or redistributes the income of producers, consumers and middlemen, the main body engaged in trading activities in the market, through economic levers such as price, interest rate, exchange rate and tax rate. For example, if the price of an industrial product rises, the producer can increase his income, but if the middleman gains a lot, the producer's income will not increase much. At this time, the interests can be adjusted by collecting value-added tax.
principle
Equality rule
Voluntary principle
Principle of fairness
principle of good faith