Main products: waxy corn, purple sweet potato, waxy corn dry food, waxy corn starch, waxy corn improved varieties, pigment corn; Construction of waxy corn and purple sweet potato production base.

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(1) Overview

Most of the corn used for cooking is sweet corn, which is a cultivated subspecies of Gramineae corn with sweet ears and tender texture. Millet uses immature ears or young ears whose grains have not yet expanded (called "corn buds") and sweet proton grains in the endosperm of immature hard ears as its products. In other words, one crop can realize two different edible products for different harvesting purposes. Corn shoots are eaten with grains and ears, and sweet corn only eats tender seeds, not ears. Therefore, the varieties and cultivation techniques planted are different from ordinary corn. At present, there are mainly sweet corn, bamboo shoot corn, sticky (waxy) corn and some common corn suitable for fresh eating, among which sweet corn is the main one.

Sweet corn is more nutritious than ordinary corn, and its seed coat

Can pregnant women eat corn?

Thin, fresh and sweet. Corn silk contains a volatile alkaloid-sitosterol, and also contains glucose, pentosan, zeic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, resin, vitamin K and so on. Has the effects of invigorating middle warmer, invigorating stomach, removing dampness, promoting diuresis, promoting gallbladder function, stopping bleeding and lowering blood pressure. The fat in corn kernels is unsaturated fat, which contributes to the normal metabolism of fat and cholesterol in human body, and contains a lot of lecithin, which has certain preventive and therapeutic effects on arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and blood circulation disorders.

At present, the planting area of all kinds of sweet corn in the world is about 3 million hectares, of which the United States has the largest planting area, accounting for about 10%. In western developed countries such as Europe and America, sweet corn has long been regarded as a vegetable crop. Among all vegetable crops, the total output value of sweet corn ranks fourth in fresh vegetable products and second in processed products, which is one of the most important vegetable crops. At present, the world trade volume of canned sweet corn has exceeded 654.38+10,000 tons, including 50,000 tons of Japanese imports and 30,000 tons of exports from Thailand and Taiwan Province Province of China. Canned sweet corn in America

Picture of large corn harvester

The head output is second only to canned tomatoes, and the export volume ranks first in the world. Frozen corn is available all year round.

In recent years, the demand market for sweet corn has expanded rapidly. In addition to seasonal consumption, a large number of ready-to-eat foods are preserved by quick freezing or high temperature and high pressure sterilization, and are supplied all year round. Steamed corn ears, corn soup, pine nut corn and so on have entered the regular menu on the table, so the production and development of sweet corn are facing excellent opportunities. Take Beijing as an example. For the population of more than 65.438+million, if each person eats 65.438+00 ears of sweet corn on average throughout the year, at least 65.438+00 billion ears are needed. According to the yield of 2500 ears of corn per mu, it is necessary to plant about 40 thousand mu. Sweet corn has the advantage of giving priority to development.

(2) Main varieties and their characteristics

Vegetable corn has an upright stalk, with a plant height of1.2 ~ 3m and a well-developed fibrous root system. The stem nodes at the base of the stem are easy to be rootless, and aerial rooting is also easy to occur on the aboveground stem. The basal nodes also have strong tillering ability, which is monoecious. The male flowers are scattered panicles, which are drawn from the top of the stem axis and generally open about 10 days earlier than the female flowers, and are pollinated by the wind. The female inflorescence is lateral to the leaf axils, and it is a needle, and the ovaries are arranged in rows on the needle.

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Stigma is slender filament, and the outer leaves of inflorescence are covered by green bracts, showing a long spindle shape.

The Corn Research Center of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences has selected a number of types suitable for Beijing's planting and market needs through planting comparison and quality identification of dozens of fresh corn varieties and strains collected and introduced. These kinds and varieties suitable for fresh food mainly include:

1. Super sweet corn

The main feature is that the sugar content in the grain is extremely high, and the total sugar content in the grain can reach 25% ~ 35% at the milk maturity stage, of which the sucrose content is 22% ~ 30%, which is usually about 10 times that of ordinary corn and more than 1 0 times that of ordinary sweet corn, but its water-soluble polysaccharide content has not increased obviously, and the total sugar content has decreased. The surface of the seed is dry, hollow and opaque. The remarkable advantage of super-sweet corn is that the sweetness is significantly increased, and the speed of converting sugar into starch is slower than that of ordinary corn, so the harvest period and storage period are relatively prolonged, generally up to about one week. At present, the super sweet corn varieties suitable for planting in Beijing mainly include Jingketian 1 12 and Super Sweet 102.

Jingketian 1 12 belongs to super sweet type, and it is middle and early maturing. Plant height is 260 ~ 280 cm, ear position 100 cm.

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It is about 20 cm long and 5.0 cm thick, with 40 grains per ear. The ears are neat, not bald, and the lines are golden. This variety is rich in nutrition, high in sweetness and pure in taste. Spring sowing and summer sowing can be done. The growth period of spring sowing is prolonged, and the later sowing, the shorter the growth period. For example, it takes about 130 days to cover the film in early April, spin it in late June and pick it in mid-July. Sowing in mid-July, spinning in mid-September and picking in early June, 10, so this variety is most suitable for summer sowing in plain areas. The leaves are dark green, the disease resistance is good, the plant type is compact, it is suitable for close planting, the density is 3500 ~ 4000 plants per mu, and it can produce about 3000 standard qualified panicles (the length is equal to or greater than18cm). The suitable harvesting period is about 20 days after silking and pollination.

2. Strengthen sweet corn

This kind of corn has the advantages of common sweet corn and super sweet corn, with high sugar content, good flavor, unique flavor, long harvest period and long shelf life. After 45 days of spinning, the sugar content of the grain is still above 15% and the water content of the grain is about 50%, which can still be used as fresh food processing, suitable for whole ear processing, grain peeling processing and direct fresh food. At present, the main varieties of fortified sweet corn suitable for planting in Beijing suburbs are Tiandan 9 and 10.

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, Tiantian 442, Tianke 1 10, etc.

Tiandan No.8 is a kind of fortified sweet corn, with mid-early maturity, plant height of about 265,438+00 cm, ear position of about 80 cm, 65,438+08 ~ 20 leaves, flat leaves and large leaf spacing. The ear is simple, the ear length is about 18cm, the ear thickness is 5cm, the number of rows per ear is 14 ~ 16, and the number of grains per row is 35 ~ 40. Resistant to leaf spot and stem rot, good drought resistance, wide adaptability and no baldness. It has been planted in many provinces of China and performed well. This variety is suitable for spring sowing in Beijing, and the suitable yield density per mu is 3000 ~ 3500 plants. The suitable picking period is about 25 days after silking and pollination.

3. Waxy corn

The main feature of waxy corn is that the starch in the grain is completely amylopectin, while the starch in ordinary corn, whether hard grain or horse tooth grain, is composed of 72% amylopectin and 28% amylose. The digestibility of waxy corn starch under the action of starch hydrolase can reach 85%, while that of ordinary corn is only 69%. Compared with ordinary corn, waxy corn has a higher proportion of water-soluble protein and salt-soluble protein, but a lower proportion of alcohol-soluble protein, and its lysine content is generally higher than that of ordinary corn 16% ~ 74%. The protein quality of waxy corn is good, which greatly improves the edible quality of grains. Waxy corn is especially suitable.

Cultivation techniques of maize

Make fresh corn. Fresh waxy corn seeds are soft and fragrant, with thin skin and no residue, and many dissolved substances. Generally, the total sugar content is 7% ~ 9% and the dry matter content is 33% ~ 38%, so it contains more nutrients than sweet corn, has better palatability and is easy to digest and absorb. It has great development potential to develop it into fruit and vegetable corn. The varieties of fresh waxy corn suitable for planting in Beijing suburbs mainly include Zhongnuo 1 and 2, Bainuo 1 and 2, Kenya 1 and so on. Zhongnuo 1 is a medium-mature white waxy corn variety, that is, white sticky corn. Spring sowing in Beijing takes 95 days from sowing to harvesting, and summer sowing takes about 80 days. Spike length 18cm, grains per row 14 ~ 16, good seed setting and no bald tip. This variety has good adaptability, strong disease resistance and wide adaptability. 25 ~ 30 days after silking and pollination is the suitable harvest time. This variety can also be harvested when the seeds are fully mature and processed into corn flour, corn residue and so on. It is sticky and has a unique fragrance.

4. Colored sweet corn

In addition to sweet and soft taste, this type of variety is characterized by five colors of purple, black, yellow, white and brown on each ear, which is a veritable colorful sweet corn. Fresh fruit with thin ear skin, rich nutrition, sweet and delicious taste is a kind of

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Unique fruits and vegetables corn. It is colorful, with special dishes, and has great market development potential.

5. Yancan 6

It is both a food and a variety of vegetables. The first ear harvests big fruits, and the second and third ears harvest tender bamboo shoots. The plant height is about 230 cm, the ear position is 85 cm, and the total number of leaves is 19 ~ 2 1. It takes about 60 days from sowing to harvesting corn seedlings, and the ear needs 100 days. Corn shoots are pagoda-shaped, pale yellow, with a shoot length of 6 cm ~ 10 cm and a transverse stem thickness of 0.8 cm. Plants have developed roots, vigorous growth, lodging resistance and insect resistance. In addition, Jintian corn 1 and Sun Yan 1 are also suitable for planting in Beijing.

(3) Environmental requirements

1. temperature

The temperature requirement of vegetable corn is slightly higher than that of ordinary corn. The temperature range of seed germination is 12 ~ 38℃, and the optimum temperature is 2 127℃. Seedlings are not hardy and will be frozen at -2 ~-3℃ for a short time. The daytime temperature of seedlings should be higher than 65438 07℃, and the nighttime temperature should not be lower than 65438 02℃. When the average temperature of day and night is 10 ~ 12℃, the growth period will be prolonged. The optimum temperature for vegetative growth is 2 1 ~ 30℃, and it can still grow above 36℃. The optimum temperature for flowering and grain development is 25 ~ 27℃. The average temperature required for root growth is 12 ~ 24℃, and it will stop growing below 10℃.

lamplight

Vegetable sweet corn is a short-day crop, which is sensitive to photoperiod.

Lu Dan 604 1 maize seed

Sensitive, 8 ~ 12 hours sunshine can promote plant growth and shorten growth period. Shortening the sunshine will make plants dwarf easily, but if the sunshine is short (8 hours a day) and the temperature is low, the flowering period will be delayed. Plants need sufficient light during their growth and flowering, otherwise the plants will grow white and have poor results.

Step 3: Moisture

Vegetable corn is drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant, but it needs a lot of water. The annual rainfall is required to be 500 ~ 1000 mm, especially 1 month before and after heading, which should be150 mm. If the rainfall is insufficient, it needs to be supplemented by artificial irrigation, otherwise it will affect the grain fullness and yield. During flowering, higher air humidity is needed. In the environment of high temperature and low air relative humidity, pollen is easy to lose its germination ability, and pollination is not smooth, resulting in ear loss.

4. Land

Vegetable corn has wide adaptability to soil, but it is better to choose sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose soil layer, good drainage, rich organic matter, medium soil fertility and pH value of 5 ~ 8. According to the requirements of fertilizer, nitrogen 7 ~ 1 1 kg, phosphorus 4 ~ 5 kg and potassium10 ~1kg should be applied to sandy loam.

(4) Cultivation techniques

When planting fresh corn in a large area, the varieties of fresh corn should be determined according to market demand.

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Planting varieties, planting area and planting period should have market channels to sell and fix production. Farmers should be encouraged to plant in a small area, because small area, multi-point and multi-variety planting, even if there is no fixed production and sales contract, growers will produce and sell in the vegetable wholesale market like vegetables. Beijing residents have great consumption potential for fresh corn, and with the increase of the proportion of green food in people's daily life, its market will also expand day by day.

1. Soil preparation

After the previous harvest, clear the garden in time, turn it shallow for 5 ~ 7 cm, and turn it deep for 20 ~ 25 cm when the weeds germinate, turn the weeds into the soil to make the soil mature, and combine with the removal of underground pests. Before planting, apply sufficient base fertilizer. Generally, decomposed manure 1000 ~ 2000 kg, calcium superphosphate 15 kg and plant ash 800 kg (or potassium chloride 10 ~ 15 kg) are used per mu. Take preventive measures before sowing to eliminate underground pests and rodents, and then carefully prepare the soil and water the soles of your feet.

sow seeds

Adopt direct seeding or seedling transplanting.

(1) live drill or hole drill. Drill sowing is easier to ensure the whole seedling, but it uses a large amount of seeds, so it is mostly used for hole sowing. The amount of seeds varies with the size of the grain, that is, the 1000-grain weight.

Maize sowing date

Different, generally per mu 1 ~ 1.5 kg. When sowing in holes, put 2 ~ 3 seeds in each hole. Sowing depth is about 2 ~ 3 cm. After sowing, cover the soil and fix 1 seedling. In case of drought in spring sowing, water should be poured on your feet before sowing. Because the emergence ability of sweet corn is weaker than that of ordinary corn, in order to protect the whole seedling, it is required to cover the soil with enough water, and the covering soil should not exceed 6 cm. If there is no water after sowing, water it.

(2) Seedling transplanting can save a lot of seeds, adjust farm work, facilitate seedling management, prevent diseases and insect pests, and improve planting index. Seedling can be raised by using nutrition pots, nutrition earth, plug plates and other instruments, and the seedling can be raised in protected areas or open seedbeds. It is advisable to keep the temperature at 265438 0 ~ 27℃ after sowing. After emergence, the temperature is kept above 65438 07℃ during the day and above 65438 02℃ at night. Sow about 25 days after sowing, when the seedlings are 3 leaves old.

(3) Seed treatment before sowing. Before sowing, impurities in seeds are removed and the germination rate is determined. Ordinary sweet corn specially used for harvesting corn seedlings can be soaked for 1 day before sowing, but super sweet corn should not be soaked.

(4) Planting density

The price of spike on the market is affected by the spike shape, and the most varieties are around 3500 plants/mu. Thinness is conducive to the full development of corn ears, without baldness, lack of grains and fruit.

Dream of harvesting corn

Big ears, good shape and good goods. Ridge planting and large and small row planting are suitable. Planting density should be determined according to the varieties used, the types of harvested products, land fertility, planting methods and other factors. When picking young ears, it is generally appropriate to use 60 cm row spacing, 26 ~ 33 cm plant spacing and about 3500 plants per mu. Medium-mature varieties can be planted thinly on the ground with good fertilizer and water conditions. For the convenience of management, it can also be planted in large and small rows, with a large row spacing of 80 cm, a small row spacing of 50 cm, and a plant spacing of 30 cm, with 3000 plants per mu. If it is only for the purpose of removing kernels from corn seedlings, it should be more dense. The large row spacing is 60-80cm, the small row spacing is 33-40cm, the plant spacing is18cm, and 6000-9000 plants are planted per mu, and the seed consumption is 3-3.5kg..

3. Tian Tuan management

(1) interplanting and replanting in time to ensure that the whole seedling field needs interplanting. The first interplanting should be carried out when there are 3 true leaves, and the weak seedlings should be removed. The second time, when there are 4 real leaves, check the lack of seedlings in time, plant 5-6 real leaves, and leave 1 healthy seedling in each hole.

(2) Water and fertilizer management

Moisture. The direct seeding field should keep the soil moist before emergence to promote germination. After emergence, the soil should not be watered, and the male flowers should be watered when they are pulled out. It is important to keep enough soil moisture at booting stage and pollination and filling stage.

Corn fertilization

Point, to ensure that the ear pollination is good, not bald tip.

② Topdressing. When sowing, about 25 ~ 30 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer is applied per mu, which is beneficial to improve the sweetness and palatability of corn. See seedling topdressing in the early stage of topdressing, and then apply ear fertilizer in the later stage. Generally, after the first topdressing, 500 ~ 800 kilograms of liquid fertilizer should be applied per mu. Small seedlings should be applied sparingly for many times, and large seedlings should be applied sparingly to promote seedlings to grow heads of booting. The second fertilization should be about 65,438+04 ~ 65,438+05 leaves from jointing stage to heading stage, so as to promote plant growth and female ear differentiation and increase the number of seeds, with 6 ~ 8 kg urea or 2,000 kg mature human excrement and urine per mu. The third time is after female flowers bloom and pollinate, and it is carried out at the early stage of filling. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are the main fertilizer, and compound fertilizer 10 kg is applied per mu. Loosen the soil and weed before fertilization, and cultivate the soil after fertilization. If the base fertilizer is sufficient, nitrogen fertilizer can be applied as soon as possible.

(3) performing intertillage weeding for 3-4 times before ridge sealing of intertillage weeding plants. In order to help the growth of adventitious roots and prevent lodging, shallow intertillage at seedling stage and deep intertillage at middle stage should be combined with soil cultivation. In the later stage, shallow intertillage, loosening soil and weeding, combined with intertillage to remove tillers. In order to harvest the tender ear, the delicate female ear at the lower part of the plant should be removed, leaving only one female ear at the top of the plant.

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, in order to improve the quality level of goods. For varieties with single stem and multiple ears, it is advisable to select and keep them according to their characteristics, and harvest them in time in combination with the harvest of corn shoots.

4. Prevention and control of pests and diseases

(1) pest control

(1) underground pests, such as cutworms and grubs, harm seedlings, roots and stems, and poison bait can be used to lure and kill them. 25% trichlorfon powder (1 ~ 1.5 kg) is mixed with chopped green manure, which is scattered among corn rows at night, or seedlings are checked one by one at 6-7 am, and captured manually. The more effective method is to take comprehensive technical measures for prevention and control. First, for plots with serious underground pests such as grubs, the land should be ploughed in late autumn or early winter to directly eliminate pests; Second, reasonably arrange stubble and crop rotation; Third, avoid using immature manure and use chemical fertilizer reasonably; Fourth, reasonable irrigation, too wet will make eggs unable to hatch and larvae die.

② There are corn borer larvae at booting and heading stages, which are harmful to heart leaves, stems, filaments, spikes and grains, and seriously affect the yield and quality. It is advisable to spray 1.5% zinc and phosphorus granules directly into the heart leaves about one week before heading, with the dosage of 0.2 ~ 0.25 kg, or spray dichlorvos on the plants during the peak period of corn borer.

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On the back of big leaves, mosquitoes and flies are generally sprayed intensively. After pollination, spray the top of the ear again to prevent the larvae from eating the ear, or use pyrethroids with high efficiency and low toxicity to top the water to kill the ear larvae. The biological control effect is also good. The method is to use 0.5 kg of Cordyceps powder and 654.38+000 kg of fine soil per gram, and sprinkle 4-5 kg per mu, or mix 60-70 kg of fine soil with 0.5 kg of borers containing 654.38+020-654.38+05 billion spores per gram.

(3) Kill the chafer artificially or plant castor in the field to trap and kill the adult chafer.

(2) Disease control

Sweet corn head smut. Also known as corn head smut, it is most obvious at tasseling stage. Tumors of different sizes were produced at the injured site. At the initial stage, the tumor was covered with a white film and then turned gray. After drying, the black powder (pathogen spores) is scattered, and it is easy to produce bean-sized tumors on leaves, cystic tumors on ears, and larger tumors in other parts. The pathogen is chlamydospore in soil or manure, or it stays in the soil with sick residues and seeds for overwintering and is spread by airflow or rain and insects.

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Sowing can infect many times a year, and it is easy to get sick in the environment of high temperature and drought or too much nitrogen fertilizer. Prevention and control methods: first, implement crop rotation, and disinfect the soil every 2-3 years in seriously ill fields. After the diseased tumor appears in the field, it should be removed and buried in time, and deep ploughed in time to reduce the primary source of infection. Secondly, we should pay attention to the selection of disease-resistant varieties and seed treatment, mixing 25 kg seeds with 20% triadimefon EC 100 ml, or mixing 20 kg seeds with 2% fast-curing wettable powder 1 g, or. Field production can be controlled by spraying double amount of Bordeaux mixture.

Sweet corn leaf blight. It mainly harms leaves, and seriously affects leaf sheaths and stems and leaves. Field diseases started from the lower leaves and gradually spread upward. At first, it is a blue-gray spot with waterlogging, and then it spreads to both sides along the vein, forming a yellow-brown central spot with dark brown edges, spindle-shaped or spindle-shaped spots. When the temperature is high, the disease spots are more and more integrated, black-gray mildew spots are produced on the spots, and the disease spots are longitudinally cracked or withered. After infection, the lesion of ear leaves is irregular. The pathogen is mycelium or conidia on diseased branches and leaves in fallen soil.

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In winter or when seeds are sick, they spread in the fields through airflow and rain. Temperature 18 ~ 22℃, high humidity, rainy and foggy days and even rainy days can cause the epidemic of the disease. When controlling diseases, choose disease-resistant or disease-tolerant varieties, and the varieties should be properly matched to prevent single planting. Spraying 600-800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, or 500 times of 500% dijunling wettable powder and 500% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, spraying Bordeaux mixture and zineb 1.2400 times, once every 10 day, and controlling 1-2 times.

Sweet corn leaf spot It mainly invades leaves, stems, spikes and grains, and the lesion oval forms a rectangle, yellow-brown, and the edge is obviously dark. The transmission route and disease conditions of the pathogen are similar to those of Great Leaf Blight, and the control method is shown in Great Leaf Blight of Sweet Corn.

Sweet corn stem rot. It is caused by single or compound infection of several fungi and bacteria, which usually occurs in the late silking stage of corn. The control methods include selecting disease-resistant varieties, implementing crop rotation, sowing early in time, and removing diseased stems and leaves in the field in time.

harvest

(1) Fresh fruit ears should be harvested at the right time, which will affect the yield too early and the flavor too late. Generally, spring sowing is 17 ~ 2 1 day after pollination.

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Autumn sowing is 25 days after pollination. At this time, the filaments turn slightly dry and not burnt, the bracts are green and tight, and the ear is very strong in the hand. Harvest should be carried out in the early morning when the temperature is low, and fresh-keeping treatment should be carried out immediately after harvest to slow down the conversion of sugar to starch. The simple preservation method is to soak it in 10℃ water after picking, and then cool it to 0℃ for storage. Generally, fresh ears of sweet corn can only be stored for 1 ~ 2 days at 29℃, about 5 days at 16℃ and 7 days at 10℃. (2) Harvesting of corn shoots: young ears of young fruits whose grains have not yet bulged are harvested as vegetables, and the female ears (young shoots) that spit out filaments on the same day are harvested in time at the tasseling stage of sweet corn. The harvesting standard is that the filaments are white, and when the length is less than 2 ~ 3 cm, the quality of young panicles is the best when the length is 10 ~ 15 cm, and the yield is guaranteed. The cultivation mainly focuses on harvesting corn seedlings, which should be harvested from top to bottom, first big and then small, once a day and in the morning. Don't break the stems and leaves when harvesting, so as not to affect the growth of the lower ear. Fresh green corn plants can be used as green feed for livestock after picking corn ears.

After the corn seedlings are harvested, the outer foreskin of the ear is cut longitudinally with a knife and cleaned.

Spray corn husk

Filaments, in order to protect the integrity of bamboo shoots, are packed according to different sizes and specifications, and cannot be exposed to the sun during operation to prevent water loss, dry tips and discoloration. Bamboo shoots collected on the same day are processed on the same day. Qualified bamboo shoots should be conical, with correct shape, no deformity, no damage, no filaments, no pollution, fresh and tender, and milky yellow color.

Sweet corn is suitable for steaming, roasting, frying, canning and quick freezing. Corn shoots and canned sweet corn kernels are the best-selling commodities in the international market and have become indispensable high-grade vegetables in the market.

Practical Cultivation Techniques of Vegetable Maize in special vegetables

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