Futures refers to the standardized contract behavior of trading in a fixed place in the future. At first, traders signed one-to-one forward supply and demand contracts to avoid the risk of price fluctuation brought by time. Later, a special commodity futures exchange appeared for traders to concentrate their activities and trade standardized contracts conveniently. The basic concept of funds from the perspective of capital relations, funds refer to funds used for specific purposes and independently accounted for. Among them, including endowment insurance fund, retirement fund, relief fund, education reward fund, etc. In various countries, there are also special financial funds, collective welfare funds for employees, key construction funds for energy and transportation, and budget adjustment funds unique to China. In terms of organizational nature, a fund refers to an institution or organization that manages and operates funds dedicated to specific purposes and conducts independent accounting. Such fund organizations can be non-legal institutions (such as financial special funds, college education incentive funds, insurance funds, etc.). ), public institutions (such as Soong Ching Ling Children's Foundation in China, Sun Economics Prize Foundation, Mao Dun Literature Prize Foundation, Ford Foundation and Huo Burridge Foundation in the United States, etc. ) or corporate institutions. National debt, also known as public debt, is a debt borrowed by the government. Specifically, it refers to the national debt formed by the government issuing bonds at home and abroad or borrowing from foreign governments and banks. It is an important part of the whole social debt. National debt is a special financial category. [It is first and foremost a kind of financial income. In fact, the state issues bonds or loans to raise funds, which has three functions: making up the fiscal deficit, raising construction funds and regulating the economy. The issuance of national debt should follow the credit principle of borrowing and returning. When a bond or loan matures, it is necessary not only to repay the principal, but also to pay certain interest. The national debt is subscribed voluntarily. Except for a few compulsory national debt, whether to subscribe and how much to subscribe is entirely up to people. According to different standards, national debt can be divided into different types: according to the form of state borrowing, national debt can be divided into state borrowing and bond issuance. National debt can be divided into long-term national debt, short-term national debt and medium-term national debt. The so-called long-term and short-term are comparative, and there is no absolute standard. Most countries in the world generally call short-term treasury bonds with a maturity of less than one year, long-term treasury bonds with a maturity of more than 10 years, and medium-term treasury bonds with a maturity between the two as short-term treasury bonds. According to the nature of financing and issuance, national debt can be divided into compulsory national debt and unpaid national debt. National debt can be divided into domestic debt and foreign debt according to the region where it is raised and issued. The so-called domestic debt refers to the loans and bonds issued by the state at home. The so-called foreign debt refers to the country's borrowing from other governments, banks and international financial organizations. According to the liquidity of bonds, national debt can be divided into marketable national debt and unsold national debt. State loans are non-transferable, only bonds can be sold or not. Stock refers to the securities issued by a joint-stock company to raise capital and prove the shares invested by investors. The Company Law stipulates that the shares of a company take the form of shares. A stock is a certificate issued by a company to prove the shares held by shareholders. Shares can be transferred according to law. The shares shall be in paper form or other forms stipulated by the competent securities department of the State Council. Shareholders can exercise their rights to participate in decision-making, choose managers, pay dividends and distribute surplus assets. According to the share represented by the shares held. The basic meaning of trust 1. What is a trust trust refers to the behavior that the owner of the property transfers the property to people he trusts for a certain purpose and lets them manage and deal with it. It is also a property management system based on trust, with property as the center and entrustment as the purpose. 2. Contents of Trust (1) Trust behavior: refers to the legal behavior that occurs for the establishment of trust. This kind of legal act usually takes three forms: written contract, personal will and court ruling order. (2) Trustee: refers to the trustee who has a trust relationship due to trust behavior. Trust has three parties: the client: the legal owner of the property must be the first. Secondly, the client must be a person with full capacity for civil conduct, and a person without capacity for civil conduct cannot be a client. The principal can be a natural person or a legal person. Trustee: refers to the person who accepts the entrustment of the trustor and manages and disposes of the trust property according to the instructions of the trustor. The trustee must have civil capacity. A person without civil capacity cannot be a trustee. Beneficiary: refers to the person who enjoys the property income in the trust relationship. Among the trust parties, there are almost no restrictions on the qualifications of beneficiaries. Except for those who are prohibited from enjoying certain property rights by the disclosure regulations, both legal persons and natural persons, with or without capacity, can become beneficiaries. (3) Trust purpose: No matter what the trust purpose is, it cannot violate the laws and regulations of the state or harm the interests of the public. In addition, the purpose of the trust should be accepted by the beneficiary and should be within the power of the trustee. (4) Trust property: Trust property is the subject matter of trust behavior, also called property right. As trust property, it must have property value and be transferable. It can be tangible property or intangible property. Trust property has three characteristics: first, its independence; Second, the restrictions on trust property; The third is the subrogation right of trust property. (5) Trust remuneration. Characteristics of trust (1) Property right is the prerequisite for the establishment of trust behavior (2) Trust is a complete trust (3) The interests of others are the purpose of trust (4) Trust gains and losses are calculated according to the principle of performance. II. Types of trusts 1 Divided by the way of establishing trust relationship: l Arbitrary trust l Statutory trust 2. Divided by the nature of trust property: l Money trust l Movable property trust l Securities trust l Money creditor trust 3. According to the purpose of trust: l guarantee trust l management trust l management trust l management and handling trust 4. According to the legal status of trust matters: l civil trust l commercial trust 5. From the perspective of the principal, trust is divided into l personal trust l corporate trust personal trust and corporate trust 6. According to the trustee's purpose of undertaking trust business, business trusts are divided into l non-business trusts 7. From the beneficiary's point of view, it is divided into self-interest trust, other interest trust, private interest trust and charity trust 8. Divide international trust l domestic trust according to the region involved in trust. According to the scope of business, it is divided into broad trust and narrow trust. Trust function 1, trust property management function 2. Social investment function of trust. The financing function of trust. Social welfare function of trust.