The development of my country's transportation industry: Railways are not only one of the important carriers of social and economic development, but also create prerequisites for social and economic development. Although my country's railway operating mileage is still in short supply in total, and there is still a large gap in the coverage of the land network by the road network structure, railway transportation has always been at the backbone of the transportation system composed of various transportation modes. National economic development has played a strong supporting role. By the end of 1997, my country's railway operating mileage reached 64,300 kilometers, of which the national railway operating mileage was 57,600 kilometers and the local railway operating mileage was 6,700 kilometers. Except for Tibet, all provinces, cities, and autonomous regions are connected by railways, forming a relatively complete national railway network system with "nine vertical and ten horizontal" as the main body.
1. Railway network. Main line railway is a key part of the railway network and a solid foundation for the railway to play its backbone role. At present, there are 22 main railway trunk lines in my country. According to their different functions and geographical distribution, they can be roughly divided into energy transportation trunk lines, north-south railway trunk lines, east China trunk lines, northwest trunk lines, southwest trunk lines and northeastern trunk lines. main line.
Energy transportation trunk lines are mainly distributed in Shanxi, Shaanxi, western Inner Mongolia and other provinces (regions), and are mainly responsible for the transportation of coal-based energy. At present, my country's railway energy transportation has basically formed three major transportation lines: the northern line mainly composed of Daqin-Beijing-Qinxin Line, Beijing-Baotou Double Line and Jingyuan Electrified Railway, and the Shitai-Shide-Jiaoji Double Line The middle line is mainly composed of electrified railways and the southern line is mainly composed of Yanshi-Xinhe-Houyue New Line and Xinjiao double-track electrified railways.
The North-South Railway Main Line consists of four main railway lines, namely Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Kowloon and Jiaoliu, which run through the north and south of China. It is mainly responsible for the exchange of materials and long-distance passenger transportation between the north and south of my country.
East China is a relatively developed region in my country, and railway transportation plays an important supporting role in the economic development of this region. The East China Railway Main Line mainly consists of two main lines, the new and the old. The old lines are the Shanghai-Hangzhou Line and the Zhejiang-Ganxi Line. The new lines are the Fuhuai-Huainan Double Line, the Xuanhang Line, the Anhui-Jiangxi Line, the Hejiu Line and the Wuyu Ferry.
The northwest is an economically underdeveloped region in my country, but it is also an area rich in mineral resources. Accelerating railway construction is of great strategic significance for developing resources in the west and driving economic development in the west. After years of construction, the northwest region has basically formed four main railway lines: Lanxin, Baolan, Baozhong and Xilonghai.
Southwest my country is a region with poor railway construction conditions and relatively backward economic development. In order to develop the southwest, the country started by improving transportation conditions and invested a lot of money in railway construction, and successively built the world-famous Chengdu-Kunming and Nan-Kunming railways. At present, two main external channels have been formed, namely, the North Channel, which is mainly based on the Baocheng and Xiangyu lines, and the South Channel, which is mainly based on Hunan-Guizhou, Guizhou-Kunming, and Nan-Kunming. Economic development in southwest China has created favorable conditions.
Northeast China is my country’s old industrial base and an important grain and timber production base, with relatively developed railway transportation. At present, three entry and exit channels, mainly the Beijing-Shenyang, Jingtong and Jingtong lines, have been basically formed.
2. Railway passenger and freight transportation. In 1997, my country's railways carried 925.78 million passengers, with a passenger turnover of 354.82 billion person-kilometers, a decrease of 5.68% and an increase of 6.7% respectively compared with 1996; the freight volume was 1,697.34 million tons, and the freight turnover was 13,097. 100 million ton kilometers, an increase of 0.55% and 0.97% respectively compared with 1996. The share of railway passenger and freight transportation in the transportation market has been declining year by year.
(1) Railway passenger transportation. In recent years, while the passenger volume of the whole society has increased steadily, my country's railway passenger volume and passenger turnover have declined year by year, and the average passenger transportation distance has gradually lengthened; while the tension in railway passenger transport has gradually eased, the market share of railway transport has continued to decline. decline. For a long time, railway freight rates have been low and it has carried a large number of short-distance passengers, which has occupied railway transportation capacity and failed to achieve due economic benefits. It has also hindered the improvement of railway passenger service quality. In recent years, with the adjustment of railway transportation policies and passenger ticket prices, a considerable part of the short-distance passenger flow has been diverted to other modes of transportation (mainly highways), thereby increasing the specific capacity of railways to carry long-distance passengers and continuously improving the quality of railway services.
(2) Railway freight. Railway freight is mainly bulk cargo, with coal, mining and construction materials, petroleum, grain, timber, etc. accounting for more than 85% of the total freight volume, of which coal alone accounts for 46% of the total freight volume. Due to the uneven distribution of resources in our country, the distance between the place of production and the place of consumption is long, which makes the transportation distance of many goods longer. The average transportation distance of my country's railway freight is generally about 800 kilometers. In recent years, with the continuous improvement of the socialist market economic system and the gradual reduction of artificial unreasonable flows of goods, coupled with the adjustment of my country's economic structure and the gradual rationalization of production layout, the growth of railway freight demand has relatively slowed down and transportation pressure has been alleviated. , the transportation situation at some restricted ports has also gradually improved, thus creating conditions for the railway to fully meet the transportation of coal, grain and other materials that affect the overall national economy.
In order to enhance market competitiveness while completing bulk cargo transportation, the railway has launched a number of fixed-point, route-fixed, train-number, scheduled and priced services in some sections that have a greater impact on the railway freight market. The "Five Fixed" freight express trains expand the freight market with fast, convenient and punctual transportation services. Since the reform and opening up, my country's road transportation has entered a new period of development, with highway mileage, highway transportation volume and civilian vehicle ownership all increasing significantly. In 1997, the national highway mileage reached 1.2264 million kilometers, an increase of 1.38 times compared with 1978. At present, the road network covers all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities across the country, and 97% of towns and villages in the country have roads. A national highway network with national highways as the main trunk lines and provincial roads, county and township roads as branch lines has been initially formed. The rapid development of highway construction has laid a good foundation for highway transportation to play a fundamental role in the comprehensive transportation system.
1. Road network. my country's highway network consists of national highways, provincial highways, and county and township roads. National highways are the main framework of my country's highways and play a role in connecting important cities, ports, stations, and industrial and agricultural production bases in various provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Provincial roads and county and township roads are branch lines of national highways and play a role in connecting urban and rural areas within the province and connecting with other provinces through national highways. At present, there are 69 national trunk roads in my country, with a total mileage of 106,200 kilometers. In 1988, my country's first expressway was completed and opened to traffic. By the end of 1997, 4,771 kilometers of expressways had been completed and opened to traffic across the country. The emergence of expressways has effectively improved the traffic conditions of trunk roads and made the status and role of trunk roads more prominent in the national highway network.
2. Highway passenger and freight transportation. In recent years, road passenger and freight transport has developed rapidly, especially road passenger transport, which now occupies an important position in the passenger transport system. In 1997, my country's highways carried 12.05 billion passengers, and the passenger turnover volume was 554.14 billion passenger-kilometers, an increase of 7.35% and 12.89% respectively over 1996; the freight volume was 9.765 billion tons, and the freight turnover volume was 9.765 billion tons. The volume was 527.15 billion ton-kilometers, a decrease of 0.76% and an increase of 5.19% respectively compared with 1996.
(1) Highway passenger transportation. Since the reform and opening up, especially since the "Eighth Five-Year Plan", with the continuous improvement of my country's highway conditions, highway passenger transport has developed rapidly with its advantages of speed, flexibility and convenience. According to statistics, during the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, the national passenger volume increased by 51.8% compared with the "Seventh Five-Year Plan", with an average annual increase of 9.8%. During the same period, the average annual increase rate of highway passenger transport reached 11.1%. Since 1991, road passenger traffic has accounted for 99% of the new passenger traffic in the country. In addition to being much higher than other modes of transportation such as railways in terms of transportation volume, road passenger transport has also accounted for more than 50% of the national passenger turnover since 1995.
The main reasons for the continued growth of road passenger traffic: First, the road continues to maintain its diversion advantage over railways in medium and short-distance passenger transport; second, road passenger transport is increasing due to the development of expressways and other high-grade roads. It has gradually gained market competitive advantages in medium and long-distance passenger transport; third, the level of service facilities and equipment such as stations and vehicles has been continuously improved; fourth, the overall service quality and level of highway passenger transport has been gradually improved, making highway passenger transport more attractive to passengers. improve.
(2) Road freight. Road freight is mainly engaged in short-distance cargo transportation. In 1997, the average distance of national road freight transportation was only 56 kilometers. Compared with road passenger transport, the development of road freight is relatively slow. In 1997, road freight volume experienced a negative growth of 0.76%. In the past seven years, the average annual growth rate of highway freight volume has been 4.36%, which is lower than that of highway passenger transport.
With the development of my country's economy and the gradual adjustment of industrial policies, high-tech products, high value-added, and high-timeliness products will gradually increase throughout society; at the same time, due to the characteristics of my country's regional economic development, regional Due to the imbalance of regional development and the geographical differences in my country's industrial layout, the exchange of various types of materials between regions will still show an increasing trend. Road freight will use its advantages of small batch, fast, and "door-to-door" transportation. It will occupy an important position in the transportation of high-value, high-timeliness intra-regional and inter-regional goods. The development of water transportation in my country is characterized by the rapid development of coastal ports and ocean transportation, while the development of inland water transportation is relatively slow. In 1997, the throughput of my country's major ports was 1.309 billion tons, an increase of 2.75% over 1996. The passenger volume and turnover volume of water transport completed 226 million and 15.58 billion person-kilometers respectively, which were respectively lower than in 1996. 1.31% and 2.97%; waterborne freight volume completed 1.134 billion tons, and freight turnover volume completed 1.92350 billion ton-kilometers, a decrease of 10.78% and an increase of 7.68% respectively compared with 1996.
1. Infrastructure construction. my country currently has 170 important coastal and inland river ports, including 29 major coastal ports and 28 major inland river ports. It has 6,424 berths, including 1,282 berths at major coastal ports and 449 deep-water berths. Coastal ports play a major role in our country's port facilities. In 1997, the number of berths in my country's major coastal ports was 1,330 (including 450 deep-water berths), accounting for only 15.2% of the country's total. However, the completed cargo throughput reached 908 million tons, accounting for 69.9% of the country's port throughput. 4%.
In terms of port construction, container transport port facilities have developed the fastest. my country has developed maritime container transport since the early days of reform and opening up. In less than 20 years, the number of dedicated container berths has grown from scratch to 57, with an annual throughput of 771. 20,000 TEU.
At the end of 1997, the total length of navigable inland waterways in my country was 109,800 kilometers, including 64,300 kilometers of waterways with water depths of more than 1 meter. In recent years, due to many contradictions and irrationalities in the development and utilization of water resources, coupled with the lack of funds and insufficient attention to channel improvement, the mileage of river channels has shown a downward trend. The poor navigation capacity of waterways, the slow improvement of water transportation technology and equipment, and problems in transportation organization have gradually weakened the competitiveness of inland waterway shipping in the process of transportation development.
2. Passenger and cargo transportation.
(1) Passenger transportation. Water passenger transport consists of inland river passenger transport, coastal passenger transport and ocean passenger transport. In 1997, my country's water transport passenger volume was 226 million, of which 22.4 million were transported between ports on the Yangtze River and 57.55 million were transported between major coastal ports. Except for a few ports such as Tianjin and Shanghai, ocean passenger transport was Other ports have yet to open passenger routes. Due to the slow speed of water passenger transportation, it is at a disadvantage in competition with other modes of transportation.
In recent years, water passenger volume has been declining year by year, hovering at less than 300 million people. In 1997, it dropped by 17.1% compared with 1990. Although water transport companies have taken a series of measures, the situation of water passenger transport across the country has not fundamentally changed.
(2) Freight. my country's waterborne freight transportation consists of ocean transportation, near-ocean transportation and inland waterway transportation. Water freight is mainly responsible for the transportation of foreign trade import and export goods and the transportation of domestic energy (mainly coal), mining and construction materials, food, etc. In addition to the steady development of near- and ocean-going transportation due to its irreplaceable role in other modes of transportation, the development of coastal and inland water transportation is not very optimistic. In addition to the transportation of bulk goods such as coal, groceries and agricultural and sideline products have higher timeliness requirements. In terms of transportation of materials, it is extremely powerful compared with other modes of transportation. Pipeline transportation is a relatively special mode of transportation. At present, my country mainly uses pipeline transportation for oil and natural gas. In 1997, the total length of pipelines in my country reached 20,400 kilometers, mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei and other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The pipeline transportation volume in 1997 was 160.02 million tons.
Pipeline transportation involves fewer and more single types of goods, so its influence on the comprehensive transportation system is smaller. However, due to its high safety and stability, low transportation cost, and occupying less land, it basically does not cause pollution to the environment. Therefore, it is the best transportation method for many gases and liquids with large transportation volumes in the future. Coal etc. can also be converted into liquid - coal slurry for transportation.