Agriculture is an industry that produces food and industrial raw materials by cultivating animals and plants. Agriculture belongs to the primary industry, and the science of studying agriculture is agronomy. The working object of agriculture is living animals and plants, and the products obtained are animals and plants themselves. We call all departments that use the growth and development laws of animals and plants to obtain products through artificial cultivation agriculture. Agriculture is the basic product that supports the construction and development of national economy. Agriculture is a production department that people use the life functions of animals and plants to transform natural substances and energy into products that human needs. At present, agriculture is divided into two categories: plant cultivation and animal husbandry. Land is an irreplaceable basic means of production in agriculture, and the working objects are mainly living animals and plants. The production time is inconsistent with the working time, which is greatly influenced by natural conditions and has obvious regional and seasonal characteristics. Agriculture is the source of food and clothing for human beings, the foundation of survival and the primary condition of all production. It provides grain, non-staple food, industrial raw materials, capital and export materials for other sectors of the national economy. The countryside is also the largest market for industrial products and the source of labor. 2 1 century is an important stage of agricultural development. The combination of life science and other latest science and technology will bring fundamental changes to world agriculture. With the development of molecular biology, the establishment of biological gene bank, the rise of genetic engineering, and the wide application of cloning technology and biological nitrogen fixation technology, the face of agriculture will be completely new. The development of industrialized agriculture marked by a large amount of material and energy input has greatly improved productivity, but it has also brought serious social problems such as energy depletion, environmental pollution and ecological imbalance. In the new scientific and technological revolution in recent years, a number of new technical groups have emerged, such as bioengineering technology, new energy technology, microelectronics technology, atomic energy technology, space technology and marine technology. These scientific and technological achievements are being applied to agriculture to varying degrees, showing bright prospects for solving the environmental, energy and ecological problems brought about by industrialized agriculture. At present, in developing countries, more than 800 million people have not reached the food security line, 654.38+0.8 billion preschool children are malnourished, and hundreds of millions of people suffer from hunger and malnutrition. In backward agro-ecological areas, the main reasons for the rapid deterioration of natural resources, rapid population growth, intensified poverty and food shortage are the lack of agricultural high technology. Due to the great success of the "Green Revolution", the International Agricultural Development Research Center has realized the importance and urgency of promoting the sustainable development of agriculture by properly adjusting natural resources. In the current and future research, people will pay more attention to the adjustment of natural resources, the protection of germplasm and the improvement of quality. The application of high-tech equipment represented by "global positioning system" in agricultural production has led to the emergence of "precision agriculture", which will greatly improve the production level of agriculture. This technology is to install global satellite positioning devices on combine harvester, seeder and fertilizer applicator, and the receiver in the cab can transmit information to the computer. This has the characteristics of accurate fertilization, accurate yield estimation and accurate operation. At present, the United States is promoting this precision planting technology in the agricultural field. The application of computer network technology, represented by the Internet, in the agricultural field has closely linked agricultural production activities with the whole society, which can make full use of social resources to solve the difficulties in the production process, and the socialization of agricultural production will enter a new stage. Since the American government decided to build the "information superhighway", computer network technology has been rapidly popularized in the American agricultural field. Through the internet, farmers can browse the futures prices of agricultural products in the United States and even around the world, domestic market sales, import and export volume, the latest agricultural science and technology and meteorological data, and also sell agricultural products online. The application of modern biotechnology with genetic engineering as the core in agriculture has led to genetic agriculture, which has cultivated more new varieties with higher yield, better quality and stronger adaptability, making the natural production of agriculture more and more directly controlled by human beings. For example, using gene mosaic technology in crops can create more ideal new species in half the time of traditional breeding. According to the analysis of American economists, within five years, the agricultural products and food transformed by genetic engineering in the American market will reach 20 billion US dollars. It can be said that the second green revolution is just around the corner. Factory aquaculture based on high technology is on the rise, which will fundamentally change the traditional mode of production of agriculture, so that agricultural production activities can be carried out in factories like industrial production, rather than in nature. Factory farming is not a common greenhouse production, but a product of comprehensive utilization of various high-tech achievements. Among them, it is necessary to use biotechnology to cultivate seeds, and use computer technology to control illumination, temperature, humidity, fertilization, pesticides, new materials, new light sources and other high-tech achievements. For example, many greenhouses can simulate the running process of the sun, so that crops can carry out photosynthesis as in nature and produce continuously day and night regardless of seasons, thus improving production speed, shortening production cycle and increasing output. With the goal of ensuring stable grain production, the comprehensive research on improving the structure and function of agricultural industry and further improving the level of agricultural productivity is attracting great attention from the Japanese government. Its main research contents are: expanding the scale of operation, improving the efficiency of operation, reducing the operating cost, making full use of the natural circulation function of farmland, reducing the environmental load, developing new agricultural technologies with low environmental load suitable for Japan, and developing the "rice-wheat-bean-feed" rotation system in rice fields. At the same time, the corresponding research, experiments and demonstrations are carried out in crop categories, subject fields, farming and other aspects. The rapid development of life science based on molecular biology has deepened people's original understanding of the biological world, and the biological industry based on life science is likely to develop greatly in 2 1 century. The Japanese government believes that it is necessary to promote the application of knowledge accumulated in these disciplines to the field of agricultural science. The main contents are as follows: First, the development of high-density rice chromosome linkage gene map. Second, in the aspect of animals, we mainly carried out research on animal genome, genesis and differentiation, immunity, brain and nerve, and planned to apply the obtained results to the reproduction and meat production of agricultural animals; Research on the improvement of beneficial insects such as natural enemies, disease prevention and control, animal feeding and reproductive behavior control may also contribute to human medicine; Third, on the basis of comprehensive biological control, explore allelochemicals, sex hormones and other biological interaction substances. The fourth is the in-depth development and bionics of agricultural and aquatic biological functions, with a view to creating new industries and making better use of biological functions to repair the environment and imitate biological functions. Israel is one of the countries with relatively poor land resources and very scarce water resources in the world. 90% of the country's land is mountainous and desert, and more than half of the areas belong to a typical arid and semi-arid climate. For decades, the Israeli government has formulated and implemented a clear agricultural development strategy according to the actual situation of the country, with special emphasis on the guiding ideology of "building the country through science and technology". On the basis of increasing investment in scientific research and education, priority should be given to the development of high-efficiency and water-saving agricultural technology, excellent variety breeding technology and desert greenhouse technology, while maintaining the development of agricultural ecological environment, and embarking on the road of sustainable agricultural development. Today, in the 2 1 century, Israel pays more attention to the development of high technology, strengthens research and development, regularly adjusts industrial structure, and constantly innovates varieties and quality, so as to make agricultural production and its technology fully internationalized, specialized and commercialized.
5438+00 In June 2002, the Decision of the State Council City, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Strengthening Rural Health Work clearly pointed out that "the new rural cooperative medical system should be gradually established", "by 20 10, the new rural cooperative medical system should basically cover rural residents" and "since 2003, the central government has arranged cooperative medical subsidies for farmers participating in the new rural cooperative medical system in the central and western regions on an annual per capita basis 10 yuan. "The obligation of farmers to participate in cooperative medical care and resist the risk of disease cannot be regarded as increasing the burden on farmers." This is the first time in the history of our government to invest heavily in solving the basic medical and health problems of farmers. Since 2003, based on the principle of multi-party financing and farmers' willingness, the pilot areas of new rural cooperative medical care have been increasing. Through the experience summary of the pilot areas, it has created a solid theoretical and practical foundation for the comprehensive development of the new rural cooperative medical system in the country in the future. By the end of 2004, 3 10 counties had participated in the new rural cooperative medical system, with 65438 counties. According to the requirements of the 11th Five-Year Plan, by 20 10, the coverage rate of the new rural cooperative medical system in rural areas will reach more than 80%. On 20 1 1 February 17, the Chinese government website published the Five Key Reforms of the Medical and Health System: Main Work Arrangements for 201year. This document makes it clear that in 20 1 1 year, the government's subsidy standard for the new rural cooperative medical system and urban residents will be raised to 200 yuan from the previous year's per person per year 120 yuan; The proportion of hospitalization expenses within the scope of urban residents' medical insurance and the new rural cooperative medical system policy will strive to reach about 70%.
Vulnerable groups exist in both urban and rural areas, and rural vulnerable groups are the main body of vulnerable groups. The main characteristics of rural vulnerable groups are low economic income, poor social competitiveness and vulnerable interests. Strengthening the protection of the rights of rural vulnerable groups is one of the important aspects of implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and building a harmonious socialist society.
1. We should do everything possible to increase the economic income of rural vulnerable groups. First of all, the government should increase investment in supporting rural development and tilt towards poor rural areas. Using taxes to increase the role of the government in the redistribution of national income will make the national poverty alleviation funds more inclined to poor rural areas. Secondly, through the promotion of agricultural science and technology, we will promote the rural vulnerable groups to increase their economic income by using agricultural science and technology. It is necessary to persist in development-oriented poverty alleviation, implement the whole village to promote poverty alleviation, and formulate targeted poverty alleviation measures door by door to improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation and development. Third, increase the support for rural vulnerable groups to transfer employment training. According to the market demand, employers and training institutions are encouraged to carry out orientation and order training, mobilize social forces to participate extensively in the training of rural vulnerable groups to transfer employment, improve farmers' ability to transfer employment and go out to apply for jobs, and give policy support to employers who absorb the employment of rural vulnerable groups.
2. Improve the comprehensive ability of rural vulnerable groups through educational support. The improvement of the development ability of the disadvantaged groups in rural areas fundamentally depends on their educational opportunities and levels, and ideological poverty often leads to poverty in life. As Minister of Education Zhou Ji pointed out: "Children from poor families can't get basic education guarantee, which will not only affect the overall improvement of our national quality, but also be detrimental to narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, the gap between the rich and the poor and building a harmonious socialist society." We should vigorously carry out literacy work for rural vulnerable groups, and at the same time do a good job in recruiting young people from rural vulnerable groups to lay a foundation for their future agricultural science and technology education and vocational training. The thoughts of "not self-confidence", "waiting, relying and wanting" generally exist in rural vulnerable groups, which has a lot to do with the relative isolation and conservative thinking in rural areas. They are backward in concept to a great extent, and need to be helped to change their concepts and enhance their self-confidence. For example, the exemplary role of training agricultural science and technology experts in rural vulnerable groups can enhance the confidence of rural vulnerable groups to get rid of the weak state.
Improve the comprehensive ability of rural vulnerable groups, broaden their employment channels and agricultural production scope, increase their income, gradually get rid of poverty and become rich, and change the current situation that rural vulnerable groups are poor in their elders and poor in their younger generations.
3. Improve and perfect the social security system for rural vulnerable groups. The social security of rural vulnerable groups is related to the effect of rural poverty alleviation. It is necessary to improve their pension, medical care, minimum living security and relief systems to prevent the phenomenon of returning to poverty due to illness. Therefore, first of all, we should improve the rural minimum living security system, and governments at all levels should determine the responsibilities and methods of providing minimum living security for rural vulnerable groups and institutionalize them. Give priority to the rural five-guarantee households and long-term poor households into the subsistence allowance system, and then gradually expand to the entire rural vulnerable groups to ensure their lives. Secondly, improve the rural health service network in counties, townships and villages. Poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty due to illness are one of the reasons for the formation of rural vulnerable groups. Serious diseases not only affect their working ability and employability, but also worsen their living conditions and undermine their fragile self-confidence. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of rural health service network and bring rural vulnerable groups into the rural cooperative medical system. Third, establish and improve the old-age insurance system, establish rural vulnerable groups' homes for the aged, comprehensive social welfare homes and charitable associations for rural vulnerable groups, and encourage society, collectives, enterprises and individuals to set up welfare undertakings for rural vulnerable groups.
4. Establish and improve the channels of judicial assistance for rural vulnerable groups. When the rural vulnerable groups have judicial needs and are unable to file a lawsuit, on the one hand, they should provide help by establishing a state institution or other social groups specifically responsible for the judicial protection of rural vulnerable groups; On the other hand, through judicial relief measures, such as reducing the fees for accepting cases and delaying the payment of legal fees, the rural vulnerable groups with reasonable money can afford to fight the lawsuit and win. The judicial organs should promptly accept the applications of rural vulnerable groups, so that rural vulnerable groups can obtain fair judicial protection effectively, conveniently, quickly and economically, and give full play to the important role of judicial assistance in protecting rural vulnerable groups.