-refers to the units that participate in financial market transactions and form buyers and sellers of securities.

1. government departments: raise funds by issuing bonds.

2. Industrial and commercial enterprises: that is, fundraisers or fund providers.

3. Financial institutions: They are the most important participants in the financial market. There are mainly deposit financial institutions, non-deposit financial institutions and the central bank.

4. Individual: it is a fund supplier in the market.

Second, financial instruments.

-It is a written document produced in credit activities, which can prove the amount, term and price of financial transactions.

Characteristics of financial instruments:

1. Repayment: refers to the time before the debtor must repay the principal.

2. Liquidity: refers to the ability of financial instruments to be quickly converted into money without losses.

3. Risk (safety): refers to the degree of risk or safety guarantee of the principal and expected income of financial instruments.

4. Rate of return (profitability): refers to the ratio of the income obtained by financial instruments to the principal.

Third, the organizational form of financial markets.

Refers to the way of conducting financial transactions.

1. Organized centralized trading mode in fixed places.

"bilateral auction" transaction

The buyer's highest bid = the seller's lowest asking price

2. Decentralized transactions are conducted through the counters of financial institutions.

"Bargaining" transactions, also known as over-the-counter transactions.

3. OTC trading methods

Complete the transaction with the help of advanced communication means.

Fourth, the management of financial markets.

Refers to the management of the central bank and relevant regulatory authorities to maintain the normal order of the financial market.

(A) management principles

Principle of complete openness

Principle of cessation of breach of trust

(2) Management content

1, securities market management

(1) Restrict speculation.

Increase the margin ratio of credit transactions;

Before the transaction, the buyer deposits and the seller deposits securities;

Limit the number of transactions;

Stop accompanying the delegation to the market when necessary;

Restrict or stop credit transactions.

(2) prohibit bad trading behavior

Dissemination of false information

manipulate the market

Joint operation

Wash-and-sell: refers to the behavior of securities sellers to buy back the securities they sell immediately.

insider dealing

Fraud of securities companies

2. Bill market management

Issuance, acceptance, discount and use management of bills

3. Management of interbank lending market

Market access management, the use and duration of borrowed funds, etc.

Extended data:

The financial market has its unique characteristics:

First, the financial market is a market with funds as the transaction object.

Second, financial market transactions are not simple buying and selling relationships, but more importantly, lending relationships, which embody the principle of separation of ownership and use rights of funds.

Third, the financial market can be either a tangible market or an intangible market.

Conditions for the formation of financial markets

1, the commodity economy is highly developed, and there is a huge demand and supply of funds in society.

2. Have a sound financial institution system.

3. There are abundant financial trading tools and various trading forms.

4. Sound financial legislation.

The government can manage the financial market reasonably and effectively.

Baidu encyclopedia-financial market