● Nickel

(Nickel)

nièㄋㄧㄝˋ

◎ A metal element that can be used to make currency, etc. Plating on other metals prevents rust.

Chinese-English Translation

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◎ Nickel

nickel

English

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◎ nickel

◎ nickel

nickel niè

〈name〉

A metallic element that is approximately silvery white, hard, malleable, and ferromagnetic. It is highly polishable and resistant to corrosion. Mainly used in alloys (such as nickel steel and nickel silver) and as catalysts (such as Raney nickel, especially as a catalyst for hydrogenation) [nickel]——Element symbol Ni

Common phrases

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◎ nickel coin nièbì

[nickel coin] Nickel currency

◎ Nickel steel niègāng

[nickel steel] Nickel-containing steel

Element name: Nickel

Atomic weight of element: 58.69

Type of element: metal

Atomic volume: (cubic centimeter/mol)

6.59

Element Content in the sun: (ppm)

80

Content of the element in sea water: (ppm)

Pacific surface 0.0001

Content in the earth's crust: (ppm)

80

Atomic number: 28

Element symbol: Ni

Element Chinese name: Nickel

English name of element: Nickel

Relative atomic mass: 58.69

Number of protons in the nucleus: 28

Number of electrons outside the nucleus: 28

Nuclear power core number: 28

Proton mass: 4.6844E-26

Proton relative mass: 28.196

Period: 4< /p>

Group number: VIII

Molar mass: 59

Hydride: NiH3

Oxide: NiO

The chemical formula of the highest oxide: Ni2O3

Oxidation state:

Main Ni+2

Other Ni-1, Ni0, Ni+1, Ni+3 , Ni+4, Ni+6

Density: 8.902

Melting point: 1453.0

Boiling point: 2732.0

The propagation of sound in it Rate: (m/S)

4900

Ionization energy (kJ/ mol)

M - M+ 736.7

M+ - M2+ 1735.0

M2+ - M3+ 3393

M3+ - M4+ 5300

M4+ - M5+ 7280

M5+ - M6+ 10400

M7+ - M8+ 15600

M8+ - M9+ 18600

M9+ - M1 21660

Peripheral electronic arrangement : 3d8 4s2

External electron configuration: 2,8,16,2

Crystal structure: The unit cell is a face-centered cubic unit cell, each unit cell contains 4 metals atom.

Unit cell parameters:

aa = 352.4 pm

b = 352.4 pm

c = 352.4 pm

α = 90°

β = 90°

γ = 90°

Mohs hardness: 4

Color and condition: Silvery white metal

Atomic radius: 1.62

Common valence: +2, +3

Discovered by: Kronstadt

Discovery time and place: 1751 Sweden

Element source: pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8]

Element usage: Ferromagnetic metal element, which can be highly abrasive Light and corrosion resistant. It is mainly used in alloys (such as nickel steel and nickel silver) and as catalysts (such as Raney nickel, especially as a catalyst for hydrogenation). It can be used to make currency, etc., and can be plated on other metals to prevent rust.

Discovered by: Kronstadt Year of discovery: 1751

Discovery process:

In 1751, Kronstadt, Sweden, used red arsenic and nickel The weathered crystal grains on the ore surface are heated with charcoal to produce nickel.

Element description:

Silver-white metal, density 8.9 g/cm3. The melting point is 1455℃ and the boiling point is 2730℃. Valence 2 and 3. The ionization energy is 7.635 electron volts. It is hard, magnetic and has good plasticity. It has good corrosion resistance, is not oxidized in the air, and is resistant to strong alkali. It can be slowly dissolved in dilute acid, releasing hydrogen and producing green positive divalent nickel ions Ni2+; it does not react with oxidant solutions including nitric acid. Nickel is a moderately strong reducing agent.

Element source:

It is obtained by calcining the ore into oxides and reducing it with water, gas or carbon.

Element usage:

Mainly used to make stainless steel and other anti-corrosion alloys, such as nickel steel, chromium-nickel steel and various non-ferrous metal alloys, copper-nickel with higher nickel content Alloy, it is not easy to corrode. It is also used as a hydrogenation catalyst and used in ceramic products, special chemical vessels, electronic circuits, green glass, and the preparation of nickel compounds, etc.

Element auxiliary information:

The content of nickel in the earth's crust is not small, greater than common metals such as lead and tin, but significantly less than iron, and the melting points of nickel and iron are not the same. Up and down, so it is destined to be discovered later than iron.

At the end of the 17th century, Europeans began to pay attention to nickel arsenic (arsenic) mines. At that time, Germany used it to make cyan glass, and mining workers called it kupfernickel. "Kupfer" means "copper" in German; "nickel" is a curse word, roughly meaning "liar". Therefore, this word can be translated as "fake copper". At the time it was thought to be a mixture of copper and arsenic.

The Swedish chemist Kronster studied this mineral, and he obtained a small amount of a metal different from copper. He published a research report in 1751 and believed that this was a new metal, so he called it nickel. This is the origin of nickel's Latin name niccolum and symbol Ni. After nickel was discovered in Europe, the Germans first mixed it into copper to make so-called German silver, or German silver, which is our country's white copper.

The most stable isotope

Isotope abundance half-life decay mode decay energy decay product

MeV

56Ni artificial 6.077 days electron capture 2.136 56Co

58Ni 68.077 % stable

59Ni Man-made 76,000-year electron capture 1.072 59Co

60Ni 26.233 % stable

61Ni 1.14 % stable< /p>

62Ni 3.634 % stable

63Ni artificial 100.1 year beta decay 2.137 63Cu

64Ni 0.926 % stable

Introduction to basic knowledge of nickel

In nature, the most important nickel ores are nickel arsenide (nickel arsenide) and nickel arsenite (nickel sulfur arsenide). Cuba is the most famous country in the world for nickel ore reserves, and there are also large amounts of nickel ore in the Dominican Republic.

Metal nickel is mainly used in the electroplating industry. Nickel-plated items are beautiful, clean, and not easy to rust. Very fine nickel powder is often used as a catalyst in the chemical industry.

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Nickel is used in large quantities to make alloys. Adding nickel to steel can improve mechanical strength.

For example, when the nickel content in steel increases from 2.94% to 7.04%, the tensile strength increases from 52.2 kg/mm2 to 72.8 kg/mm3. Nickel steel is used to manufacture parts of machines that bear greater pressure, impact and reciprocating loads, such as turbine blades, crankshafts, connecting rods, etc. Nickel steel containing 36% nickel and 0.3-0.5% carbon has a very small expansion coefficient and almost no thermal expansion and contraction. It is used to manufacture a variety of precision machinery, precise gauges, etc. High-nickel steel containing 46% nickel and 0.15% carbon is called "platinum-like" because its expansion coefficient is similar to that of platinum and glass. This high-nickel steel can be welded into glass. It is very important in the production of light bulbs and can be used as a substitute for platinum wire. Some precision lens frames are also made of this platinum-like steel. The lenses will not fall out of the frame due to thermal expansion and contraction. An alloy composed of 67.5% nickel, 16% iron, 15% chromium, and 1.5% manganese. It has high resistance and is used to manufacture various varistors and electric heaters.

Titanium-nickel alloy has the ability to "memory", and its memory is very strong. After a long time, it can be repeated tens of millions of times without error. Its "memory" ability is to remember its original shape, so people call it "shape memory alloy". It turns out that this alloy has a characteristic transformation temperature. Above the transformation temperature, it has one organizational structure, and below the transformation temperature, it has another organizational structure. The structure is different, and the performance is also different. For example: a titanium-nickel memory alloy is very hard and strong when it is above the transformation temperature, but below this temperature, it is very soft and easy to cold work. In this way, when we need it to remember a shape, we can make it into that shape. This is its "permanent memory" shape. Below the transformation temperature, because it is very soft, we can use it to a considerable extent. It can be deformed at will. And when you need it to return to its original shape, you just need to heat it above the transformation temperature.

Nickel is magnetic and can be attracted to magnets. Alloys made of aluminum, cobalt and nickel are even more magnetic. When this alloy is attracted by an electromagnet, it will not only be attracted to it, but also will not fall if something sixty times heavier than it is hung below it. In this way, it can be used to build electromagnetic cranes.

Most nickel salts are green. Nickel hydroxide is brown-black, while nickel oxide is gray-black. Nickel oxide is commonly used to make iron-nickel alkaline batteries.

Divalent nickel ions are often identified with diacetyl oxime. In ammoniacal solution, nickel ions (Ni2+) and dimethylglyoxime (Dimethylglyoxime) produce a bright red precipitate (Ni(dmgH)2).