Generally speaking, the legislature is the founder and pioneer of the market. The formation of many economic fields in western countries is precisely due to the influence of social capital on the legislature, and its government has assumed the role of manager and macro-controller in economic space and market fields. However, the particularity of our social system is different. First, the national legislature authorizes the government, and then the government specifically organizes the establishment and development of economic space and market fields.
(1) Open up the domestic market. The main actions of the government are: to formulate basic institutional factors such as laws, regulations and market rules; The government directly organizes the establishment and development of the market; The government directly manages market participants and so on.
For example, before the Cultural Revolution, the government established a system of agriculture, industry and commerce, directly established the economic layout according to the needs of the country, and formed the national economic structure;
After the reform and opening up, the liberalization and opening up of various markets were mainly organized and implemented by the government;
After the reform and opening up, the combination of urban private economy and urban and rural economy is mainly planned, directly organized or directly liberalized by the municipal government;
The establishment and development of the industry market is directly organized by the government. For example, the stock market, futures market and other financial markets; High-tech fields of state direct investment; Technical transformation of large enterprises directly invested by the state, etc.
The establishment of emerging economic fields is directly promoted, supported, guided or invested by the government. For example, the aerospace field. Another example is the IT industry. The municipal government does not directly participate, but it cannot do without the government's support for the computer industry.
& nbsp (2) Explore the international market.
It mainly includes: establishing international market space through international cooperation and negotiating bilateral trade treaties and contracts.
Before joining the WTO, some bilateral economic treaties were adopted; Entering WTO is the largest international economic space development project.
Direct investment and organization of domestic enterprises to participate in international economic activities. All kinds of export activities, including state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, are supervised by government organizations. For example, various export tax rebates and import licensing systems in China.
It can be said that after the reform and opening up, the government inherited the previous economic structure, and directly formed the national economic structure of China according to various needs of the country, mainly through direct actions. In this process, due to the gradual formation and development of private capital, the expansion of international economic exchanges and the reform of political system, the government has gradually defined the functional direction of macro-control and international integration.
Up to now, China government has played an obvious and important role in important economic fields, in which direct behavior has played a considerable role. Even in western countries, the government rarely acts directly, but attaches great importance to the role of government behavior in the formation and development of national economic structure. Its main mode is: the legislature defines economic space and market field and market rules and regulations through legislation, and the government directly organizes or promotes the formation and development of economic space and market field.
Second, the government influences the formation and development of the economic structure by regulating and influencing the market field.
Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, in addition to the great development of state-owned capital, private capital has also developed unprecedentedly. Under the direct action of the government, through the adjustment and influence of two kinds of capital, state capital and private capital choose different flows in China economic space, forming different scales, thus forming the economic structure of China and constantly adjusting. Of course, the indirect behavior of the government is also huge.
(1) The government adopts direct and indirect macro-control measures in different domestic market sectors or between domestic and international market sectors to adjust its total amount to adapt to the rapid and sustainable development of the national economy. In essence, it also includes the adjustment of state-owned economic entities and private economic entities and their contradictions.
For example, the "rectification movement" in the late 1980s and the "economic soft landing" in the mid-1990s not only reflected the government's emphasis on macro-control functions, but also reflected its important influence on the formation and development of the economic structure.
Other minor adjustments are also common. The most common is industry adjustment. For example, the adjustment of the automobile industry is to accelerate the development of the automobile industry; The adjustment of metallurgical industry includes popularizing "the experience of Hangang" and taking the market as the price positioning; Civil aviation reform is to form large groups; Wait a minute.
It can be seen that in order to ensure that the national economic structure meets the needs of the sustainable development of the national economy, the government will make necessary adjustments in the necessary market areas and even the entire national economic space, so as to make the national economic structure develop healthily.
(2) When the government opens up and establishes international economic space, it says that the role of government behavior in international economic activities is to open up and establish international market space, formulate and manage basic systems and rules of international economic activities, and in essence, it also includes adjusting the national economic structure to meet the needs of the development of the world economic situation.
China's current export surplus is relatively large, which is basically related to the direct intervention of the government. On the one hand, the government organizes state-owned enterprises and private enterprises to export. To a considerable extent, China's export management agencies are general exporters in China. Here, government intervention is not only macro management, but also a considerable part of direct organization of production, management and sales. On the other hand, the government has assumed the function of general importer of the country and strictly managed the import of goods. Strict commodity import licensing system is the key factor for China to maintain a huge foreign exchange surplus.
Of course, with the process of China's accession to the WTO, this right of the government is gradually weakening, so it is very important for the government to strengthen the function of indirect regulation in the future.
In short, in the adjustment of international economic activities, the government has also played a key role in the integration of the national economic structure and the world economic structure.
Third, the government influences and adjusts the economic structure through the role of market players.
(1) Standardizing the behavior of market players.
On the one hand, the government and the legislature have formulated various laws, regulations, rules of market behavior and other systems. Such as various implementation regulations, general principles of enterprise accounting, etc. There are also specialized agencies in the government, such as the counterpart management departments of the government, which can formulate various rules and regulations. On the other hand, the government directly manages some behaviors of market players and directly punishes and punishes their various behaviors that violate the order. Such as various administrative organs in the government, industry and commerce, taxation, quality inspection and other departments.
(2) opening up various economic spaces for the behavior of market players.
Mainly aimed at the emergence, development and demise of market players.
On the one hand, the government and the legislature have formulated various laws, regulations, rules of market behavior and other systems. Such as "Company Law", and the behavior space of market subjects such as bankruptcy and merger. There are also specialized agencies in the government. For example, the counterpart administrative departments of the government can formulate various rules and regulations, and various industry associations and organizations established by the government. On the other hand, the government directly manages some behaviors of market players, such as various administrative organs in the government, industry and commerce, taxation, quality inspection and other departments to serve, manage and supervise the behaviors of market players in development.
Fourth, the government influences the formation and development of economic structure through the operation of state-owned capital.
It has also been said before that when private capital in China is underdeveloped, the government mainly operates state-owned capital, which is simply state investment. Due to the particularity of China's social system, state investment is concentrated in key areas of the national economy. Such as military, aerospace, nuclear industry, energy and minerals. These economic sectors are beyond the reach of private capital.
Even with the rapid development of private capital today, although state-owned capital has withdrawn from many fields, such as the policy of "grasping the big and letting the small" and a large number of small and medium-sized state-owned enterprises have carried out joint-stock reform, state-owned capital is still the only investor in the lifeline of the national economy. Moreover, the reform of state-owned enterprises is actually to change the operating mechanism of state-owned capital, that is, to change the way and means for the government to operate state-owned capital, which is an important part of transforming government functions.
Because state-owned capital is concentrated in the important economic fields of the country, it is obvious that the government's operation of state-owned capital plays a key role in the formation of the national economic structure. At present, data show that the total output value of private economy in China reached 2,330.5 billion yuan last year, accounting for 23% of China's GDP, thus forming a pattern of confrontation between state-owned capital and private capital. The development trend of private capital is very rapid, which has formed an urgent pressure on the government to operate state-owned capital. On the premise of learning from international experience, China must innovate independently and embark on a new road of operating such a large-scale national capital.
In fact, the only choice for the government is to transform its functions, including transforming the direct operation of state-owned capital into the indirect operation of the government, that is, the government takes indirect actions. This is also the only way out for more than 20 years of reform and opening up.
The indirect behavior of the government, on the one hand, means that the government does not take specific direct intervention in the market, but adopts macro-control, mainly using economic levers, such as interest rates and tax policies. This is also an international practice, which varies from country to country. Of course, in an emergency, such as a financial storm or crisis, the government will still take direct intervention.
On the other hand, the government should undertake the responsibility of economic system reform and establish an effective economic system. There are many problems in this respect now. First, the reform is not strong enough; First, no better new mechanism has been established.
5. The government adjusts the economic structure through its influence on social natural persons.
Because the government cannot directly interfere with the assets of social natural persons too much, it can only influence the economic behavior of natural persons through some policies and guidelines, so as to achieve the effect of affecting the economic structure.
On the one hand, it is the investment of natural persons. For example, there are many investments in the stock market, insurance, national debt and other securities markets. This is a natural person. Without influence on this part of social funds, the best way for the government is naturally to exert influence on the holders of funds-natural persons. The other is consumption. Natural man-made consumption is an important part of the consumer market, as are public consumption and government procurement. The government also influences the economic behavior of natural persons through some policies and guidelines, thus achieving the effect of influencing the economic structure.
Mainly these two aspects, there are some other aspects, such as income, distribution, savings and so on. Finally, it will play a role through the investment and consumption of natural persons. Our country attaches great importance to this aspect. For example, in recent years, "stimulating domestic demand" has stimulated the consumption of domestic natural persons to a considerable extent.
6. The influence of government civil servants' behavior on economic aid in market economy is also an important factor affecting economic structure.
This problem, the most important thing is whether the behavior of government civil servants is corrupt, and it is also a key issue affecting economic development. If civil servant corruption prevails, it is conceivable that the national economy will be chaotic, the market order will not be much better, there will be a lot of unfair competition, and the economic structure will naturally be turbulent. On the contrary, if civil servants are efficient and honest, the economic order will naturally be good and the economic structure will develop in relative stability.
Another important aspect is the working ability and efficiency of civil servants, which is also directly related to the ability and efficiency of the government to manage the economy and adjust the economic structure, and is also very important.