The name of the political institution of the American political system. The United States is a federal country. The organizational form of the political power is the presidential dictatorship. It implements a political system that combines separation of powers and checks and balances and a two-party political party system.

The national organization of the United States is based on the two major political ideas of separation of powers and federalism. When the Constitution was drafted, there was a fear that excessive concentration of power on individuals or a certain department would endanger the freedom of the people. The three powers of legislation, judiciary, and executive should be independent and check and balance each other to avoid government abuse of power.

Chinese name

American political system

Nature

Federal country

Purpose

Features

Two-party political party system

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Federal system

Party system

Citizen rights

Electoral system

Introduction< /p>

According to the Constitution: the legislature is a bicameral parliament consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives; the judiciary, headed by the Federal Supreme Court, consists of 11 prosecution courts, 95 district courts and 4 special courts; according to 1959 According to statistics in March, there were 1,156,644 federal and state legislation in the United States. The administrative agency has the president directly elected by the people as the highest administrative head, supplemented by the vice president, and has several administrative departments. The power of the government is divided into federal government and state government. Based on the principle that the government must be close to the people so as not to deprive the people of their freedom, the drafters of the Constitution reserved the autonomy of the states to the state governments. The state governments themselves have legislative, judicial, and administrative powers. The powers of the federal government are limited to those that a state government cannot exercise alone, such as taxation, finance, national defense, diplomacy, currency and banking, immigration management, foreign trade, national welfare and postal services, and development assistance for science and art.

Separation of powers

Administration

The U.S. government is composed of 12 departments and more than 60 independent agencies established in accordance with the law.

The President of the United States

The President of the United States is the head of state, the highest administrative head of the government, and the supreme commander of the army, navy and air force. The president’s term is 4 years, during which he is not subject to impeachment by the Congress. , will not resign due to opposition forces. After expiration, the term can be renewed for one term.

U.S. Congress

According to Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America, the president must be over 35 years old, have lived in the United States for more than 14 years, and must be a "natural-born U.S. citizen." (usually interpreted to mean a citizen of the United States by birth) or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. Among the official positions in the United States, the only two official positions of the Vice President are "a citizen of the United States by birth."

●Vice President of the United States

The Vice President of the United States is the first successor to the President and concurrently serves as the President of the United States Senate.

The United States Federal

The executive branch led by the President and Vice President has 15 departments and multiple specialized agencies, which constitute what is commonly referred to as "government departments." These departments are responsible for enforcing laws and providing a variety of government services. The United States Federal Executive Branch is the oldest major group within the United States federal executive agency. The U.S. Department of State, the Department of War, and the U.S. Treasury were all established within weeks of each other in 1789. Each head of the executive branch of the federal government is a politically appointed U.S. Cabinet Secretary; since 1792, federal law has stipulated that Cabinet Secretary shall be one of the qualified members of the order of succession of the President of the United States.

Executive Department Current Chief Executive Starting from Presidential Succession Order Notes 2010 Budget ($100 million) Number of employees under jurisdiction

U.S. Department of State

John Forbes Kerry

John Kerry

1789

4

517

18,900

U.S. Treasury Department

Geithner, Timothy

Timothy Geithner

1789

5

133< /p>

115,897

U.S. Department of Defense

Chuck Hagel

Chuck Hagel

1947

p>

6

Originally known as the Ministry of National Army Construction (1947-1949)

6637

3,000,000

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The independent administrative agency of the federal government

The independent administrative agency of the federal government is an independent administrative agency established by the U.S. Congress through various laws; it is directly responsible to the President of the United States. Each organic law/statutory grant authorizes an independent administrative agency to establish its own scope; and, if any, establishes the definition of federal regulatory regulations (administrative law). Federal regulations have the same effect as general federal law.

The following are some of the independent executive agencies of the federal government:

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - Responsible for collecting and analyzing overseas intelligence, both publicly and covertly; conducting propaganda activities abroad (propaganda); and conducting covert operations for the President . The CIA reports daily work to the Director of National Intelligence.

Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) - regulates futures market transactions in the United States.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, Environmental Protection Agency) - works with states and local governments to reduce and control all environmental pollution; EPA regulates and enforces environmental standards, assesses the negative impact of pollution; manages and cleans up toxic waste regional funds.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC, Federal Communications Commission) - Responsible for the supervision, licensing, price management, etc. of any domestic interstate and U.S. external communication channels.

The U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed Board) - the central bank of the United States; manages and regulates the banking industry, implements monetary policy by buying and selling U.S. Treasury bonds, and maintains a strong payment system.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - Responsible for enforcing federal antitrust and consumer protection laws; investigating unfair trade incidents.

The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA, General Services Administration) - provides daily logistics services to the federal government.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Founded in 1957, it is responsible for the space program and conducts long-term civilian and military aerospace research.

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) - preserves and manages the historical documentary heritage of the United States.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB, National Labor Relations Board) - implements major federal labor laws (National Labor Relations Act/National Labor Relations Act); is also authorized to prevent or compensate for unfair business practices, and protect employees from becoming Exercising the right to organize within a trade union.

National Science Foundation (NSF) - supports educational research in science and engineering through monetary awards; encourages colleges and universities to cooperate with industry and government research around the world.

OPM (Office of Personnel Management) - the federal government's personnel agency; and maintains the political neutrality of federal civil servants.

Peace Corp - Established in 1961, it sends trained volunteers overseas to assist in infrastructure construction in developing areas over the next two years.

SBA (Small Business Administration) - established in 1953 to assist small and minority-owned businesses in the United States to develop and survive.

Social Security Administration (SSA, Social Security Administration) - manages the U.S. social security system.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC, Securities and Exchange Commission) - protects the rights of securities investors; requires listed companies to declare all operating information to create more transparency; investigates and prosecutes any deceptive behavior by the company.

USAID (United States Agency for International Development) - manages U.S. money that provides foreign economic and humanitarian aid.

USITC (United States International Trade Commission) - Provides trade-related expertise to U.S. government agencies and Congress; and prosecutes violators of intellectual property rights.

United States Postal Service - an autonomous public agency responsible for national postal services since 1971; international mail is exchanged through the Universal Postal Union.

The United States Postal Rate Commission (Postal Rate Commission) - established in 1971, specializes in promoting postal prices and will receive greater regulatory power in 2007.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of the United States - established in 1967, is responsible for the safety and accident investigation of land, sea, air and pipeline transportation.

The Executive Office of the President (EOP) is composed of the closest staff to the President of the United States and assistants at all levels who are responsible to the President.

White House Staff

Office of the Vice President

Office of Management and Budget

Council of Economic Advisers to the President

National Security Council

Office of the United States Trade Representative

Office of Policy Development

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Committee to Improve Environmental Quality

Office of National Narcotics Control Policy

White House Executive Office

Judiciary

The judicial power of the United States is vested in a Supreme Court, and Congress can enact laws at any time and the establishment of secondary courts. The duty of the judiciary is to adjudicate judicial cases that challenge or request interpretation of congressional legislation, and to hear criminal cases involving violations of federal law. In cases involving constitutional law, federal courts have appellate jurisdiction beyond state law. Federal courts are also responsible for hearing cases involving more than one state or involving citizens of more than one state, as well as foreign-related cases.

In order to protect judicial independence, the Constitution stipulates that federal judges can serve during the period of good behavior, in fact until their death, retirement or resignation. Judges who break the law while in office are subject to impeachment just like the president or other federal government officials. U.S. judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The salary of judges is also approved by Congress. The annual salary ranges from $44,600 for district judges to the chief judge. Justice's ranging from $65,600.

The highest court in the United States is also the only court specially established by the Constitution. It is established in the capital Washington. It has nine judges, one chief justice and eight deputies. In thousands of cases filed every year The Supreme Court usually hears only about 150 cases, most of which involve the interpretation of law or the intent of national legislation. This power of judicial supervision is not a special provision of the Constitution, but a theory derived by the court based on its interpretation of the Constitution.

The Supreme Court of the United States

The Court of Appeal was established to facilitate the handling of cases and reduce the burden on the Supreme Court. The country is divided into 11 appellate districts, each with A court of appeal. Each court of appeal has three to fifteen judges. As the name implies, the court of appeal reviews the judgment of the district court.

Local Courts There are 89 local courts in the 50 states across the country. Litigants can litigate nearby. Each local court has one to 27 judges. Most of the cases handled by these courts All are violations of federal law.

In addition to the general jurisdiction of federal courts, special courts also have tribunals established for special purposes, such as appeals courts to adjudicate claims for compensation filed against the United States. The Customs Tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction over civil actions involving taxes or quotas on imported goods. There is also a Customs and Patent Appeals Tribunal to hear appeals from decisions of the Customs Tribunal and the U.S. Patent Office.

Legislation

According to Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution, the federal government vests all legislative powers in the Congress composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

House of Representatives

The House of Representatives (English: United States House of Representatives) is one of the two houses of Congress of the United States. The proportion of U.S. seats in the House of Representatives held by each state is based on population, but each state will have at least one member. The total number of members in the chamber is specified by law as 435. Representatives serve two-year terms with no limit on re-election. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is elected by members and is traditionally the leader of the majority party. However, the leader of the majority is the second most important member of the majority party in the chamber. According to the U.S. Presidential Succession Regulations, the Speaker of the House of Representatives succeeds the President in the order of succession, second only to the Vice President who is also the President of the Senate, and is the third most important leader in the political arena.

United States Congress

The House of Representatives is generally considered to be more partisan than the Senate. Many among the Framers of the Constitution attempted to make the Senate (originally elected by state legislatures) a counterweight to the House of Representatives (directly elected by citizens). "Advice and consent" powers (such as the power to ratify treaties) are then delegated to the Senate alone. The House of Representatives also has unique powers: the power to sponsor revenue bills, impeach government officials, and elect the president in the event of a deadlock in the Electoral College. However, all of these powers can be counter-checked by the Senate. The Senate is generally more prestigious than the House of Representatives and the House of Representatives. Senators serve longer terms, are smaller in number, and (in most cases) represent more voters than House members.

The House of Representatives Chamber is located in the South Wing of the Capitol in Washington, DC. The Senate meets in the north wing of the same building.

Senate

The Senate of the United States (English: United States Senate) is one of the two houses of Congress of the United States. Each state in the United States is represented by two members in the Senate, regardless of the state's population. Therefore, the total number of members in the House is 100. Senators serve staggered six-year terms so that about one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. The Vice President of the United States serves as President of the Senate and is not qualified to be a senator; and may not vote except to break a tie in a tie vote.

The Senate is recognized as more prudent than the House of Representatives; the number of senators is smaller and their terms are longer, allowing for academic and partisan views, and it is easier for outsiders to influence public opinion than the House of Representatives. The Senate has certain powers listed in the Constitution but not delegated to the House of Representatives. The most important of these is that when the President of the United States ratifies a treaty or appoints important personnel, he must "adopt the advice and confirmation of the Senate" (Chapter 1 of the United States Constitution).

The U.S. Senate inherits the name of the Senate in ancient Rome. Its meeting venue is located in Washington, D.C., on the north wing of the Capitol. The House of Representatives meets in the south wing of the same building.

Federal System

The United States from 1776 to 1787 was a confederation. The "Constitution of the United States of America" ??formulated in 1787 changed the national structure to a federal system. On the basis of establishing a unified federal power, the states still retained considerable autonomy. The federation has the highest legislative, administrative and judicial organs, but has unified laws and laws, and is the main body of international exchanges; each state has its own constitution, laws and government agencies; if the constitutions and laws of each state conflict with the federal constitution and laws , the federal constitution and laws prevail over state constitutions and laws. The U.S. Constitution enumerates the powers enjoyed by the federal government, such as taxing, borrowing, coinage, maintaining an army, conducting diplomacy, and regulating interstate and international commerce. All other powers not enumerated in the Constitution are reserved to state governments, unless the Constitution expressly prohibits states from exercising them. The power of the state is mainly to deal with affairs within the scope of the state, such as taxing taxes in the name of local areas, managing industry, commerce and labor in the state, organizing security forces and maintaining public security, etc. The specific powers of the federal central and local governments have been constantly changing and improving over the past 200 years.

State Government

Before the colonies became independent, they were governed by the British monarch. During the period after the founding of the United States and before the establishment of the Constitution, states were effectively autonomous. Therefore, at the "Philadelphia Constitutional Convention" at that time, representatives from each state decided to establish a strong federal agency while emphasizing the protection of states' rights.

Generally speaking, matters entirely within the territory of a certain state should be handled entirely by the state government, including the management of media, property, industrial, commercial, and public infrastructure within the state, and state criminal law. laws, people’s working conditions, etc. The federal government requires state governments to be independent and independent in form, and state laws are absolutely not allowed to violate the federal constitution or laws and treaties formulated at the national level.

There is much overlap between state and federal administration. Especially in recent years, the federal government has also begun to expand its jurisdiction in areas such as health, education, welfare, transportation, real estate, and urban development. However, this situation is generally carried out on the basis of voluntary cooperation between the two levels of government, rather than the federal will imposing its will on local state governments.

Like national institutions, the state level also has three branches of power: executive, legislative and judicial. The functions and jurisdictions are roughly the same as those of the corresponding institutions at the national level. The chief executive of a state is the "governor", who is elected by popular vote among the citizens of the state and usually serves a four-year term (in some states, it is two years). Except for Nebraska, which has only one legislative body, all other states have two chambers. The upper house is called the Senate, and the lower house is called the House of Representatives, House of Delegates or General Assembly. But the confusion is that some states call the entire legislative body the General Assembly, including the upper and lower houses. In most states, senators serve four-year terms and members of the lower house serve two-year terms.

Although the "constitutions" of each state differ in details, they are generally consistent with the federal constitution, including the Declaration of Civil Rights, plans for organizing government, etc. In areas such as commerce, banking, public facilities, and charity operations, "state constitutions" are usually more detailed and clear than the federal constitution, but stipulate that ultimate power belongs to the people and will also set some specific norms and principles as the basis for establishing The basis of government.

City government

The United States has developed from an agricultural society to a highly urbanized country, with about 80% of its citizens living in towns or suburbs. Therefore, city government is very important in the American administrative system. The municipal government is closer to the people than the state and federal governments and manages all matters closely related to people's lives, such as police, fire protection, sanitation, medical health, education, public transportation, real estate, etc.

The management of large cities is extremely complex. In terms of population alone, New York City is larger than 41 of the 50 states. It is often said that, besides being President of the United States, the most difficult executive position is that of Mayor of New York City. The functions of municipal governments are specified in state charters, but in many areas cities operate independently of the state.

However, in most large cities, management is extremely complicated due to the large number of residents, and cooperation with state and federal organizations is also necessary.

The types of municipal governments vary across the United States, but they all have a central government committee (elected by citizens) and a chief executive (a minister who leads subordinate departments) to manage urban affairs. Municipal governments can generally be divided into three types: "mayor-council system", "committee system" and "council-manager system". The governments of many cities are a mixture of these systems.

Mayor-Council: It is the oldest municipal government system in the United States. Until the early 20th century, almost all American cities were governed by this method. The structure is similar to that of state and federal governments. The mayor is elected by popular vote as the top executive of the administrative department; the legislative assembly is also elected by the people and represents different districts in the city. The mayor appoints the ministers and other officials of various municipal departments, and sometimes the approval of the parliament is required. The mayor has the power to veto city ordinances and is responsible for planning the budget for city operations. The council is responsible for enacting municipal ordinances, setting tax rates, and allocating funds among different departments. As the city grew, so did the number of seats in the assembly.

The Commission: The legislative and executive agencies are combined, usually with more than three people, and are elected by a vote of the city's residents. Each committee member supervises the operation and management of one or more subordinate departments. The chairmanship is held by a member, usually called the mayor, but his actual powers are the same as those of other members.

Council-Manager: Because elected officials do not necessarily have the professional ability to deal with the complex and diverse problems in the city, a "manager" is hired to solve these affairs. The city manager must have excellent management skills and be able to exercise most administrative powers, including law enforcement, allocation of funds, etc.

This system is being adopted by more and more American cities. The people elect a small council to enact laws and hire a chief executive (the city manager) to manage city affairs. Managers are responsible for planning budgets and supervising most subordinate departments. Generally there are no term limits and the council can stay in office as long as it is satisfied with its work.

County government

The "county" in the administrative divisions of the United States is a subordinate division of the state, often (but not exclusively) covering more than two towns and some villages. In fact, most counties in the United States have a higher level than "cities", so it is not suitable to be completely compared with "counties" in China. New York City is an obvious exception. Because the area is so large, it is divided into five independent counties. Another opposite exception is Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., where cities and suburbs coexist and are governed by a single county government. Subordinate divisions. This situation is called "consolidated city-county government" and is also seen in other larger cities in the United States, such as the City and County of San Francisco in California and Honolulu in Hawaii. City and County of Honolulu and other places.

In most counties in the United States, a certain town is usually chosen as the seat of the county government. In small counties, official committees (composed of county commissioners) are generally elected from different districts in the county, but in larger counties, the officials represent different constituencies. The committee is responsible for collecting taxes, borrowing money, setting the wages of county civil servants, supervising elections, building roads and bridges, managing national, state, and county welfare programs, etc. In several states in the New England region, counties only represent regional divisions and do not have any government management functions.

Village and town governments

Village and town governments are only responsible for local affairs such as road construction, water supply, law enforcement and fire protection, establishment of sanitation facilities, garbage and sewage treatment, taxation, etc. They also have to cooperate with states and counties. Cooperate with the government to directly manage the local education system. Please note that in many states, the word "town" does not specifically refer to a town, but is simply an informal term for a place of residence. In addition, in some states, "town" means "town". In other words, the administrative concept covered by the word "town" differs from state to state.

Government affairs are managed by an elected assembly or committee, with various names. The council may create a chairmanship, who governs as chief executive, or it may elect a mayor by the people. Local civil servants may include civil servants, treasurers, police, fire, health and welfare officials, etc.

Other local governments

The various levels of government mentioned above do not cover all aspects of American administration. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (a subsidiary of the Department of Commerce), there are more than 84,955 local government units in the United States.

In the early days of the United States, a lot of work was done by the people themselves. With the development of society, many tasks have slowly been transferred to the shoulders of the government, and Americans have become increasingly dependent on government functions. In colonial times, police and firemen were rare even in large cities, and the government was not responsible for installing street lights, cleaning streets, etc.

People are doing their own thing and protecting their property.

In modern times, these tasks are generally handled by certain departments of the government. Even in very small villages and towns, public security, fire protection, welfare, health and other affairs are organized by the government. As a result, the division of jurisdiction across the United States is extremely inconsistent.