(1) refers to the national wealth reserve or special currency invested by the Qing Dynasty; See attached drawings for the style of gold bars in Qing Dynasty.

(2) While writing about the treasury, writing about the real gold bullion of Guangxu for ten years has both historical collection value and practical value;

(3) Generally speaking, people don't want to melt such a gold nugget with collection value and use it for other purposes such as civil and industrial purposes;

(3) among the people, because it is extremely rare, its price is immeasurable;

Second, gold bars and gold.

(1) Gold bars, a storage method of gold, are also a simple and convenient way to stack, carry, exchange, trade, invest and exchange gold. Gold bars were also a simple way to measure, trade, exchange and invest in gold in ancient China (including the Qing and Ming Dynasties).

(2) Gold, from the chemical and material point of view, is a simple form of chemical element gold (chemical element symbol Au), which is a soft, golden yellow and corrosion-resistant precious metal. Gold is a rarer, more precious and more valuable metal.

(3) International unit of gold. Generally speaking, the gold in the world is in ounces. China used "two" as the unit of gold in ancient times, and gold is a very important metal.

Third, the social value of gold and its demand and market.

(1) is not only a special currency for reserve and investment, but also an important material for jewelry industry, electronics industry, modern communication, aerospace industry and other departments. The precious characteristics of gold and its physical and chemical properties make the possession of gold more important in national daily life, national industry, national defense industry, international status and many other aspects.

(2) There are two color codes for gold products on the market: one is percentage, such as G999, and the other is K gold, such as G24K, G22K and G14K.. In China, the imprint and identification card of gold products are stipulated. Generally, it is the manufacturer's code, material name, content stamp, etc. They are all necessary, and products without marks are unqualified. The same is true internationally. But for some very small products, it is also allowed to be unmarked.

(3) The international gold price soared after entering 20 15, and the gold price in new york market rose from $0/200 per ounce to $0/300 per ounce in less than a month; Statistics show that the gold futures price in new york market has increased by 9.3% this year.

(4) the demand for gold. According to the data, in 20 14, India surpassed China and became the largest gold demander in the world again. According to Thomson Reuters GFMS data, in 20 14, the demand for gold in China dropped by more than one third to 866 tons, while the supply of waste gold in China increased by 2 1% to an unprecedented 182 tons. The data also shows that the demand for gold ornaments in China in 20 14 was 698 tons, down 33% year-on-year; The demand for gold bars decreased by 53% to 17 1 ton, the lowest level in five years. The demand for gold ornaments in India rose 14% to 690 tons, a record. In 20 14, the global demand for physical gold decreased by 19%, and the demand for gold ornaments decreased by 1 1% except the central bank bought tickets. GFMS reports that the price of gold may fall to an average of 1 180 USD/oz in the first half of 20 15, but this is not enough to promote retail demand. GFMS also predicts that the average gold price in 20 15 years will be 1 170 USD/oz. According to the report, it is expected that there will be new ticket demand in the second half of 20 15, which will support the gold price and start to reverse the bear market. On the supply side, in 20 14, the global gold mineral resources increased by 2% to 3 109 tons, and the supply of waste gold decreased by 1 1%.

Fourth, the historical bull market of gold.

(1) owning gold is a symbol of wealth. The gold content is small, so it is not easy to cause artificial quantity expansion (paper money is easy to print, which leads to an arbitrary increase in artificial quantity). Gold production needs more labor, and the unit value of gold is expensive;

(2) Gold is the most suitable commodity as currency in human commodity society, and it is the standard used to measure the value of other commodities. This can be traced back to ancient Egypt and Rome, and it has been used as a common currency to measure the value of goods in modern times. 16-1At the beginning of the 9th century, the gold and silver standard or multiple standard system widely adopted by emerging capitalist countries is a relatively mature and perfect system.

(3) The multi-standard system is divided into two forms. One is the "parallel standard system" in which gold and silver are circulated at actual prices. For example, the British gold coin "Gini" and silver coin "shilling" are circulated at the same time according to the market price; The other is the "dual standard system" or "dual currency system" in which two currencies circulate at the national legal parity, which is also commonly known as the "multiple standard system". The United States and continental European countries have adopted this system;

(4) The first bull market after the stable period of gold and dollar prices, 1792, the US government stipulated the fixed exchange rate of paper money and gold, and introduced the gold standard system into its monetary system. At that time, the official price of the gold exchange was about $20/oz, and this ratio did not change much in the following 100 years. At the same time, Britain began to implement the gold standard, and gold coins and bars with standard specifications and fineness can be freely exchanged with banknotes issued by the Bank of England. Under the leadership of the United States and Britain, many countries in the world have adopted the gold standard, so gold has gradually developed into a recognized international trade settlement tool. At that time, the exchange price in gold and the dollar fluctuated within a narrow range of $0/8-20 per ounce of gold, which lasted for about 100 years.

(5) After the First World War, European countries produced a large number of war reparations, and almost all European countries experienced serious inflation. 19 18 by the early 1930s, most countries were forced to give up the currency system of convertible paper money for gold issued by the government. In these countries, paper money depreciated and the price of gold soared. The worldwide economic crisis broke out in 1930s, which caused the world's "gold standard" to collapse completely, so countries strengthened trade control and prohibited the free trading and import and export of gold. These major changes have led to the loss of the foundation of the open gold market, and the gold markets all over the world have closed down and been closed down. By 1939, the London gold market, the only remaining gold market in the world, was forced to close for 15 years, and it was not reopened until 1954. During this period, some countries implemented "gold bar standard" or "gold exchange standard", which greatly reduced the monetary function of gold and made it withdraw from the domestic circulation payment field. However, among the international reserve assets, gold is still the last means of payment. As the world currency, gold is still strictly controlled by governments.

Five, the Qing Dynasty and other ancient gold bullion map