1. Independent concept: Beijing; 2. The concept of nature: relevance; 3. The same concept: Chang Geng Xing, Seven Stars; 4. Contradictory concept: proletariat, non-proletariat; 5. Definition: Commodity is a labor product for exchange; 6. Modify (restrict it): law → law of value; 7. Generalization: sufficient conditions → conditions; 8. Special (called) negative judgment: some people are not nobles; 9. Inevitable negative judgment: ceramics are not necessarily conductors; 10. Anti-symmetric relationship: Lao Zhang is Xiao Zhang's father, and Xiao Zhang must not be Lao Zhang's father; 1 1. Compatible choice of words: Zhang San is either not smart or not; 12. Judgment of necessary conditions: only by giving it a force will the object change its motion state; 13. mass exchange method infers that all metals are conductive → all metals are non-conductive; 14. Sufficient conditional reasoning: when it rains, the ground is wet, the ground is not wet, and there is no rain; 15. syllogism reasoning: all even numbers are divisible by 2, and 3 is not divisible by 2, so 3 is not an even number; 16. Complete induction: the sum of obtuse angle △ three internal angles equals 180, acute angle △ three internal angles equals 180, and the sum of three internal angles of right triangle equals 180. Any given delta is nothing more than one of them, so the sum of the three internal angles of delta is equal to 65440. 17. Reduce to an absurd level:

①{ 1}p→q P

②{2}p∧~q P

③{2}p T②∧-

④{2}~q T②∧-

⑤{ 1.2}q T①③→-

⑥{ 1.2}q∧~q T④⑤∧+

⑦ {1} ~ (p ∧ ~ q) reduction to absurdity ⑥