1. The position and significance of cultural landscape in human geography;
Cultural geography is a branch of human geography, which studies the spatial distribution and regional combination of various human cultural phenomena and the formation, development and evolution of cultural regions (Li et al., 1995, page 2), and discusses the relationship between the formation, development and geographical environment of cultural things and phenomena. Jordan Tan (Jordan & ampRowntree) believes that cultural geography has five major themes, namely, cultural origin and cultural diffusion, cultural ecology, cultural integration, cultural regions and cultural landscapes.
2 Evolution and enrichment of landscape connotation:
From the background of religious painting (foil) to landscape painting (protagonist) to architecture and then to the reference and introduction of social science and natural science, it has been endowed with new and rich connotations, such as geographers and writers.
The word landscape comes from German landschaft, which refers to landscape painting, scenery and scenery. Later, it was introduced into geography to represent regional synthesis. Based on geographical phenomena, it can be divided into two categories: natural phenomena and human phenomena, and landscapes can be divided into natural landscapes and human landscapes accordingly.
7.2. Cultural landscape (cultural landscape)
The study of landscape began in modern German geography. German geographer Ratzer paid attention to the study of cultural landscape for the first time. Sur, an American human geographer, believes that human landscape is the core of human geography. There are different interpretations of its concept, such as Saul and Li. This book is a synthesis (43 pages).
2. Historical development of landscape and research on cultural landscape.
The word "scenery" comes from German, which means scenery and scenery. Since the word landscape was introduced into geography, it has been given a special meaning, that is, it refers to the synthesis of various geological phenomena on the earth's surface. Landscape can be divided into two categories, namely natural landscape and human landscape (also known as human landscape). Natural landscape refers to a natural complex that is completely unaffected by direct human activities or has little influence. Cultural landscape refers to the landscape created by human groups living on the earth to meet social and economic needs, such as farmland, cities and oases in the desert.
As early as 1885, Wimmer (J) pointed out in his book Historical Landscape that attention should be focused on the whole landscape. Lakze (F, 1844- 1904) first systematically expounded the concept of cultural landscape (he is also called historical landscape) in his works such as Human Geography and Ethnology. As a geographical concept, landscape has been widely used since 1906. Ruutel (O, 1872- 1952) proposed in his inaugural speech at Munich University in 1906 that geographers should pay attention to what can be perceived through the senses on the earth's surface and pay attention to this feeling-the whole landscape; Taking landscape as the theme of geography will give geography a logical definition; The main task of geography is to explore the changing process of human-created landscapes (namely cultural landscapes) (James and Martin, 1989, page 2 19). Passage (S, 1867- 1958) not only made a detailed investigation of small areas, but also made contributions to landscape architecture on a global scale (James and Martin, 1989, p. 224). He opposes the individual description of landscape and thinks that landscape must be regarded as a type; Regard a landscape type as a spatial system, that is, a collection of related elements; Advocating that vegetation is the best index to classify landscape types, he divided the landscape zones on the earth (earth landscape zones: nature and culture). 19 13 created the term "landscape geography"; In the 1920s, he published three volumes of masterpieces, such as Basis of Landscape Research and Comparative Landscape Research, and put forward the concepts of urban landscape and spatial landscape, thus becoming a famous landscape geographer.
In the 1920s, the word "cultural landscape" was widely used in geography, which was closely related to the school of cultural landscape founded by Sauer (CO, 1889- 1975). His Landscape Form inherits the ideas of Schroeder and Passag, and advocates studying geographical features by actually observing the ground landscape. In his article "Recent Development of Cultural Geography" published in 1927, he gave a simple and easily misunderstood definition of cultural landscape, that is, cultural landscape is "various forms of human activities attached to natural landscape" (De Breger, HJ, 1986, P 142). 193 1 year, the famous Soviet landscaper Berg (Berg, LS, 1876- 1950) published the book "Landscape Belt of the Soviet Union", arguing that landscape "is composed of a set of environmental factors (local meteorology, topography, and so on) which occupy a certain area and are interrelated with each other. 1939, biogeographer Troll (C) put forward the concept of "landscape ecology", which combined landscape science with ecology and promoted the development of landscape theory.
After World War II, German geographers attached great importance to the study of social geography, believing that the purpose of social geography was to explain cultural landscape, and clearly claimed that the main force of landscape change was the attitude, purpose and skills of human groups. Lautensack (H, 1886- 197 1) took Iberian Peninsula as a continuum to study landscape changes. The results show that the continuous landscape changes of the peninsula are latitude, height, distance from the sea and the nearest coast. This "more accurate analysis method puts forward a new direction for landscape architecture" and "it is this innovative direction that makes regional geography (landscape architecture) the central purport of most German scholars" (James, 1989, p. 230).
In the United States, Spencer (JE, 1907-), horvath (RJ), Jordan (TG, 1938), Debreu Yi (HJ,) and others studied the cultural landscape from the perspectives of agriculture, culture and behavior respectively. In 1986, Debrie Jie of HJ (DeBlij, 1986) gave a broad definition of cultural landscape, that is, "cultural landscape includes all recognizable changes made by human beings to the natural landscape, including all kinds of changes to the earth's surface and biosphere" (P 1986, P/kloc- Walmsley (DJ) and Lewis (GJ) believe that landscape is a continuous plane around which people can see, and it is the product of human utilization of the environment. Professor Li, a famous human geographer in China, believes that "cultural landscape is a complex of cultural phenomena on the earth's surface, reflecting the geographical characteristics of a region" (Li, 1984, p. 223).
2. The position and research content of cultural landscape in human geography.
Jordan and others believe that because cultural landscape reflects the unique culture that creates landscape, landscape is a mirror of culture. By observing and studying the cultural landscape of a place, cultural geographers can get a lot of useful information about the human groups there. Therefore, some geographers regard the study of cultural landscape as the core of geography and the central discipline of geography; Some people in China regard cultural landscape research as one of the three pillars of human geography. [15] Due to the efforts of Sur and others, an important school in geography-Landscape School was founded. Perhaps part of the reason why cultural landscape has become the research topic of human geography, especially cultural geography, is that cultural landscape vividly reflects the most basic needs of human beings, that is, food, clothing, housing, transportation and entertainment. Cultural landscape also reflects the attitude of human groups to transform the world. In addition, the cultural landscape also contains valuable evidence about the origin, spread and development of culture. Therefore, the study of cultural landscape should not only comprehensively analyze the evolution process of cultural landscape, but also explore the form, composition, characteristics and cultural characteristics of landscape, and even explore how to guide the construction of cultural landscape and make it develop in a harmonious direction. Because cultural landscape is the unity of various cultural phenomena on the earth's surface, its composition is very complicated, including both the material basis on which the landscape depends and the main body of the landscape, that is, human factors. The physical representation of landscape, such as the form and pattern of settlement, the present situation and distribution of land use zoning, the style of architecture and the form of human activities, are the most important factors to express cultural landscape.
At present, foreign scholars' research on cultural landscape mainly focuses on three aspects, namely, settlement types, land use types and buildings. When studying the settlement model, cultural geographers describe and explain the spatial differences in the layout of houses, roads and other buildings built by local residents. Land use types reflect the way people divide land, which is divided into economic land and social land. From a global perspective, there are great differences in land use types in different regions, ranging from large-scale farms with comprehensive management to family-run farms with only hundreds of isolated small-scale land, as well as privately owned fenced land in the suburbs of the United States and public squares in cities. In the cultural landscape, two kinds of buildings can be distinguished, namely, folk buildings and professional buildings. The former refers to all buildings built without the help of professional architects, and their architectural styles and methods come from folk culture. The latter embodies its cultural characteristics at different technical levels, such as the existence of skyscrapers designed by professional architects and a large number of mobile houses reflecting the material culture and lifestyle of North America.
3 the main research direction of cultural landscape
3 1 cultural landscape composition
Cultural landscape exists on the surface of the earth, occupying a certain geographical space. Natural factors provide various conditions for the establishment and development of human material and cultural landscape; The unique combination of natural factors can form a unique natural tourism landscape, and on this basis form a unique human landscape; The natural environment has zonal characteristics, which makes many humanistic elements (such as folk houses) in the humanistic landscape have obvious zonality. The natural factors that constitute the cultural landscape include landforms, animals and plants, hydrology, climate and soil. Various factors play different roles in the formation of landscape. Geomorphological conditions often have a great influence on the macro-characteristics of the landscape and the cultural level of the landscape. Lithosphere is the place where various elements of cultural landscape interact with each other, and it is the foundation on which cultural landscape depends. Among forest landscape, grassland landscape, pastoral landscape and garden landscape, biological factor is one of the most distinctive elements in cultural landscape.
Humanistic factors in the composition of cultural landscape include two categories, namely material factors and intangible factors. Material factors refer to tangible human factors with colors and shapes that people can feel with the naked eye, including settlements, people, costumes, streets, means of transportation, cultivated plants, domesticated animals and so on. Among them, settlement is the most obvious and the core of cultural landscape. The scale and density of rural settlements reflect the population density and distribution characteristics in rural areas, as well as ethnic production and living habits, regional cultural characteristics, economic development level, land use status and agricultural production structure. According to the activity degree of material factors, it can be divided into activity factors and relative stability factors. Active factors mainly include people, domesticated animals and vehicles. Relative stability factors mainly refer to cultural relics and other buildings with fixed positions. Non-idiosyncratic factors are intangible and invisible, but they play an important role in the development of landscape, including ideology, lifestyle, customs, religious beliefs, aesthetics, morality, political factors, production relations and so on. Through the study of these factors, we can go deep into the cultural landscape through its physical representation, explore the meaning and emotion in the landscape, and echo the concrete material landscape, so as to deepen the study of cultural landscape.
In addition, there is an "atmosphere" of cultural landscape, which is higher than all material and non-material factors and can be felt but difficult to express. It is an abstract feeling similar to regional personality and an intangible part of cultural landscape. Professor gotman of England (I) wrote in the book "Geography of Europe" (1969): "In ... to distinguish a region from its surroundings, apart from outstanding landscape, language and skills, there must also be a strong belief based on a certain religious doctrine, social concept and political model (sometimes a combination of the three). Therefore, regionalization must be based on scenes, and each society has its own unique scene, a sign slightly different from its neighbors ... ".
32 the development of cultural landscape
Cultural landscape is constantly developing and changing, and its development and change are subject to its own development law. The formation of cultural landscape is a long process, and each era contributes to cultural landscape. Of course, people of every era exert influence on the landscape according to their own cultural standards. Due to national migration and other factors, the cultural landscape of a place is often not created by a nation. Whittlesey (DS, 1890- 1956), an American geographer, put forward the theory of human occupation in 1929, arguing that geography should not study human adaptation to the environment, but should describe and explain human living space and study the historical evolution of human social occupation in a region, which is called "continuous occupation". Cultural landscape originated from agriculture, and the area where human agriculture developed earliest became the source of culture, including the centers of five ancient civilizations in the world. Spencer (JE) and horvath (RJ) 1963 studied the development and cultural changes of three modern agricultural areas-American corn belt, Philippine coconut tree area and Malaysian rubber area. It is concluded that these agricultural cultural landscapes are formed by six factors: psychological factors (induction and reflection on the environment), political factors (land distribution and division), historical factors (nationality, language, religion and customs), technical factors (tools and ability to use land) and agronomic factors (improvement of varieties and farming methods, etc. ) and economic factors (law of supply and demand and profit, etc. Comprehensive analysis of these factors can divide agricultural cultural areas.
33 the division of cultural landscape types
At present, there is no consensus on the classification principle of cultural landscape types, and some scholars in China have discussed it. Jin Qiming equals 1985. In the classification of cultural landscape types in Gaochun County, Jiangsu Province, the principles adopted are: the basis of cultural landscape (natural environment, population density and distribution, etc.). ) similar; Have basically the same occurrence and development process; The cultural status quo is similar; The future construction direction of economy and social culture is roughly the same. In 1990, Dong Xin put forward five principles to divide rural cultural landscape, namely, the principle of relevance, the principle of homogeneity, the principle of appearance consistency, the principle of synchronicity and the principle of consistent occurrence and evolution. Because the composition of cultural landscape is complex, there are many classification methods. For example, cultural landscape can be divided into material cultural landscape and non-cultural landscape according to popularity.
Physical and cultural landscape; According to the population density, employment composition and building-intensive cities, cultural landscapes can be divided into rural settlement landscapes, population landscapes, political landscapes, language landscapes, religious landscapes, architectural landscapes, popular cultural landscapes and urban landscapes. The author believes that the following points should be paid attention to when dividing the types of cultural landscapes. First of all, the method of dividing natural landscape cannot be applied to cultural landscape. Although cultural landscape and natural landscape are closely related and both belong to geographical complex, the former is mainly composed of human factors, while the latter is purely natural factors, so it is impossible to apply them to each other. Cultural landscape should have its own unique division method. However, because people have different understandings of the concept of cultural landscape, they also have different views on the principles and methods of dividing cultural landscape.
Secondly, the division of cultural landscape must adopt the method of combining quantitative and subjective perception. The division of landscape itself is subjective. Therefore, we must adopt the method of combining quantitative and subjective perception, that is, limit the main components that affect the regional cultural landscape through quantitative provisions, and divide different cultural landscapes by combining subjective perception. Third, the division of cultural landscape should pay attention to the correlation of landscape elements in combination. Cultural landscape is a comprehensive unity of natural factors and human factors, and should be regarded as a whole in space. Although settlement is the most obvious part of the cultural landscape, it does not exist in isolation, and it must form a unified whole with other elements of the landscape. In rural areas, rural residential areas are combined with another cultural landscape element, namely land use. In the rural areas of China, the cultural landscape of mountains and plains is very different, and the cultural landscape of agricultural areas is also very different from that of pastoral areas and forest areas. Brick-and-tile houses, bamboo groves beside houses, river ditch ponds in front of villages, small villages scattered in endless rice fields, arch bridges ... constitute a unique and unified picture of the rural cultural landscape of the water town. This picture is not a rural cultural landscape without water networks, arch bridges and rice fields.
34 Interpretation of Cultural Landscape
Interpretation of cultural landscape is an important aspect of cultural landscape research. Although cultural landscape is produced by the influence of human beings as a whole, it can be explained by a single person in his own unique way. For example, a symbolic evaluation standard can be given to the landscape, which in turn can produce some convincing results. Similarly, how to interpret the landscape also reflects the evaluation standards and attitudes of relevant personnel. For example, capitalists can explain the landscape from the perspective of money, artists can explain the landscape from the perspective of aesthetics, scientists can explain the landscape from the perspective of ecology, and social activists can explain the landscape from the perspective of chaos and injustice. [14] At present, there are four main modes to explain cultural landscape. 1 painter model. It is good at describing the world, which has quite real political consequences. But this model is limited to Europe. 2. The origin mode of folk landscape. Its advantage is that it can provide a detailed description and history of the landscape, but it is difficult to reveal how the landscape is used in the process of social reproduction and change. 3 book model. In this model, culture is regarded as a series of interrelated communication symbols, while landscape is regarded as one of many cultural books in which cultural and political values can be exchanged. The advantage of this model is that it not only keeps the definition of landscape as a material phenomenon, but also sees the social process of landscape generation and change. However, in many cases, it is difficult to explore the complex intra-account relationship assumed by this model. 4 script practice mode. It interprets landscape as a theater, which plays an important role in capturing the visibility and regularity of citizens' religious ceremonies. However, the human dynamics model based on drama metaphor may be limited by the inherent concepts of drama script and role performance (Duncan, 1995, P41415). GJ Louis believes that all people experience the environment in a similar way, and their reactions to the environment can be spread through society and culture. After that, he put forward seven principles of landscape interpretation and research [14], that is, 1 landscape is a cultural clue, which can provide evidence of the types of people occupying the landscape; All elements of landscape reflect culture, in this sense, all elements are equally important; Traditional academic methods are difficult to study ordinary landscapes that are usually taken for granted, so new methods are needed, such as those provided by humanistic views; 4. Investigating the importance of landscape requires investigating the history of landscape; Studying the elements of a cultural landscape is meaningful only in its geographical background; Because most cultural landscapes are closely related to the natural environment, the interpretation of landscapes depends on the understanding of natural landscapes there; Almost all objects in the landscape can convey some information, although not necessarily in an obvious way.
Research on the Application of 35 Cultural Landscape
Since 1970s, global problems such as ecological deterioration, resource shortage and population explosion have become increasingly serious, and the study of landscape ecology has been paid attention to. The United States, the Netherlands and other countries have done a lot of work in landscape ecological design. China scholars such as Jing and others have made some achievements in landscape ecology and ecological planning. [16, 17] In addition, the economic and ecological values of cultural landscapes have been paid considerable attention to, and they have been developed and utilized in tourism development, regional planning and urban planning, agricultural development, environmental protection and other fields, and achieved good economic and social benefits. Scholars at home and abroad have reached a consensus on the protection of cultural landscape, especially in urban planning. The complex ecosystem [18] and ecological engineering theory put forward by Ma Shijun, a famous ecologist in China, provide new ideas for urban landscape planning. Zong applied the theory of cultural landscape and landscape ecology to urban planning, and thought that urban landscape planning would realize four changes, namely, from material planning to ecological planning, from land use planning to landscape functional unit planning, from point-line planning to landscape network planning, and from static planning to dynamic planning.
7. Cultural landscape
7.3. Expansion and interpretation of the meaning of cultural landscape
7.3. 1. Settlement is the most important cultural landscape.
Including production and living facilities, it is rich in content and reflects the comprehensive relationship between people and land. It is a typical, miniature and carrier of cultural landscape.
7.3.2. Natural conditions and natural landscape are the foundation.
The basic function of natural conditions on the material content of cultural landscape and the subtle background influence on the formation of cultural landscape.
7.3.3. Humanistic factors are the main body of cultural landscape (nature is passive and people are active; Natural changes are slow and human changes are fast)
7.3.4. Cultural landscape (material factor) is the backbone (form) of cultural landscape, and intangible factor is flesh and blood (spirit).
The external form, material composition and decorative color of cultural landscape are material, and the inner meaning and significance of its reflected value trend and refracted pursuit are the spirit and soul of cultural landscape.
Article reading:
Article 1
Reader's Style and Patience, No.23, 2002, Liu Zhu, Where is My Home, Lijiang Publishing House.
the second
The Failure of the Masters, No.22, 2002 and Mei Zi Xinhua Daily, August 3, 20021.
Evaluation: the advantages of urban planning major, or the key points of urban software and connotation to be molded, and the synchronous development, application and integration of software and hardware on this basis.
7.3.5. Cultural factors should be analyzed individually and considered comprehensively; Both independent and dependent, forming a landscape complex.
7.3.6. Cultural landscape reflects the relationship between people and land.
7.3.7. Cultural landscape has regional differentiation and changes with time.
American geographer whittlesey's Successive Possession. The spatio-temporal dynamic change of landscape needs landscape ecology, landscape protection and landscape planning. If the cultural landscape reflects the relationship between man and land, then the "cultural and historical layer" reflects the dynamic changes of the relationship between man and land. Sometimes, due to the continuity of evolution, the cultural landscape has formed a very concentrated landscape dynamic change, such as the "Millennium Ancient Road" in different periods in Guangzhou and Beijing. However, in many cases, the study of "cultural history layer" forms a "cultural history layer", or studying culture from the perspective of "cultural history layer" may require cross-time contact and concentration, such as the vertical evolution of settlements and cities. (For details, please refer to the third section of the first part of Cultural Landscape Research and Cultural Landscape Construction).
From cultural landscape to cultural history, from static man-land relationship to dynamic man-land relationship, from "photos" of moments or times to "series" of history, from fragments of civilization to the whole civilization, it reflects the evolution and combination of man-land relationship, the evolution of civilization and the evolution of society.
The following sources: Huaihai Development Research Institute of Xuzhou Normal University; Xuzhou Planning and Design Institute; Study on population capacity and structural adjustment of Fengxian old city.