The failure of Spain provided an opportunity for the Netherlands to compete for colonies and monopolize East-West trade in the world. The advantage of the Netherlands is first manifested in trade. By then, the Netherlands had become the trade center of Europe. Herring and salt in the Bay of Biscay, cloth in Britain and Flanders (that is, northern Belgium), wine in the Mediterranean, copper and iron in Sweden, grains, flax, hemp and wood in the Baltic Sea, smoked fish and pickled fish in the Netherlands, textiles and various commodities provided by various handicraft workshops. These goods are traded here, both cash and futures. Even goods from the East and America are sold here through Portugal and Spain. At the same time, Amsterdam is in a leading position in gem technology, so to some extent, it has become an international trade center.

Secondly, it is also the financial center of Europe. Because a large number of businessmen trade here, of course, they also concentrate a lot of money. In order to facilitate the flow of funds and business activities, the Netherlands established the Amsterdam National Bank on 1609, which is the first capitalist national bank in Europe, and deals in deposits, loans, remittances and various bills. By the18th century, the Dutch financial situation is still very strong. It is also a British creditor, and once held shares in the Bank of England and the British East India Company13, accounting for 40% of British government bonds. He once held shares in the Bank of England and the British East India Company.

Third, the Netherlands has the largest fleet in the world. It was also the largest shipbuilding base in the world. Dutch shipyards make full use of machinery, and the shipbuilding speed is quite fast, and a ship can be built in almost one day. As early as 1600, the Netherlands owned 10000 ships. Calculated by tonnage, it accounted for 3/4 of the total tonnage in Europe at that time. Most of the world's trade and freight are undertaken by the Netherlands, which is known as the "sea coachman".

It is these three advantages that make the Netherlands replace the colonial empire formed by Portugal and Spain since the 6th century. With the annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580, its influence in the East was greatly weakened. In order to seize the Portuguese colony and trade with the East, the Netherlands established the Dutch East India Company on 1602. In addition to obtaining the monopoly right of oriental trade from the Dutch government, the company also enjoys the privileges of going to war, making peace, establishing colonies and minting coins. Although the British East India Company organized by Britain was established two years earlier than it, the capital of the former is ten times that of the latter, which makes the latter unable to compete with the former.

The Dutch drove the Portuguese away from east indies, Malacca and Ceylon, and established a base camp in Batavia (now Jakarta). In addition, it occupied the Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius and Taiwan Province provinces, and established strongholds in Indian and other places. Its Indian Ocean route starts from the Cape of Good Hope, passes through Mauritius to India, turns to Malacca, and then extends to the South China Sea, reaching China and Japan. (Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province, which is the best proof. As for Japan, the Dutch only opened a trading port and set up a missionary office in Nagasaki. The other is to fly directly from the Cape of Good Hope to Batavia. Pack food and necessities from the Cape of Good Hope and sail east to Batavia along the north of 40 degrees south latitude. This is a shortcut, and it is superior to India in monopolizing the spice islands trade and taking into account the trade between the Indian Ocean and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. The Dutch replaced the Portuguese monopoly in trade, and also set up plantations in some parts of east indies to grow coffee and other crops, which later became important trade commodities.

On the west coast of Africa, the Netherlands broke through the Portuguese naval blockade and entered the Gold Coast on 1595. Later, he defeated the Portuguese army with military force and seized the Portuguese slave trading post from Senegal to Angola. In America, the Netherlands occupied New Amsterdam in North America (Manhattan Island in new york was occupied by the British in 1664 and renamed new york), Cura? ao Island in the western Indian Ocean and Guyana and Pernambuco in northeast Brazil (Pernambuco was later recovered by Portugal). Until now, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba in the Caribbean are still Dutch territory. Brazil's plantations were affected by Portugal's loss of the West African slave trade post. Although the Dutch organization's West India Company was not as effective as the East India Company, it played an important role in the slave trade to America, the development of plantations and the transportation of sucrose to Europe.

This development of economy, trade and merchant ships in the Netherlands was challenged by Britain and France. In order to compete with the Netherlands, Britain and France are developing their own fleets with the support of the state. In addition, discriminatory laws have been passed in shipping to take care of their own fleet. For example, British ships are required to transport goods between Britain and its colonies to reduce the share of Dutch ships in shipping.

Due to this competition and other reasons, the Netherlands waged a series of wars with Britain and France in the second half of the17th century. During the war, Britain and France took advantage of the opportunity that the Dutch fleet had to return home through the English Channel, plundered its property and used the ships as trophies, which caused great losses to the Netherlands. The above reasons led to the decline of Dutch economic status and military strength, and lost its trade and colonial monopoly position that replaced Spain.

The decline of Holland is different from that of Spain. Spain's monopoly position is based on politics, and it lacks economic base at home. Once its political status collapses, it will plummet. The Netherlands has a deep economic foundation. Although it lost its monopoly position in trade and colonialism, it still has considerable economic strength and has not "collapsed". Continue to decline in the future, but pay too much attention to business and ignore industry. Coupled with its small land area and small population, it is gradually lagging behind.

Judging from the setting of DOL, the territory of the Netherlands is really pitiful, which fully reflects the important dependence on allied ports. But at the same time, Amsterdam and Guerder made great efforts in the late period of the near-Hong Kong transaction, which shows that Glory has made a lot of efforts for the balance among countries.

& gt>>>>> I. The deepening trend of international division of labor and its motivation

& gt>>>>> international division of labor is not only the most basic driving force for the formation of world market and world economy, but also the core foundation of a country's international trade and international economic role. Since the traditional theory of international division of labor was founded more than a century ago, the international division of labor has experienced a deepening process from inter-industry international division of labor to intra-industry international division of labor, and then to intra-product international division of labor. The traditional concept of international division of labor can not fully reflect all the contents of contemporary international division of labor, and the driving force of international division of labor is no longer limited to the differences of natural factors. From the technical conditions and institutional background, the deepening of international division of labor can be said to be the inevitable product of economic globalization. If the rapid development of communication and information processing technology, the reduction of global resource use cost, and the convenience and feasibility of long-distance and repeated commercial transactions are the technical conditions for deepening the division of labor, then the elimination of obstacles to the flow of factors caused by the liberalization of investment policies is the "possibility boundary" for transnational layout and organization of production, which is the institutional guarantee for enterprises rather than countries to dominate the international division of labor.

The multi-level content of>& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt is the main manifestation of the deepening of contemporary international division of labor. Contemporary international division of labor actually includes multi-level division of labor between different industries, between different products of the same industry, and between different processes and different value-added links of the same product. If the boundary of classical international division of labor is industry, then the boundary of contemporary international division of labor lies in the value chain, and the international division of labor in the value chain has become a brand-new result of deepening international division of labor. Value chain refers to a series of interrelated value-added activities such as design, manufacturing, distribution and service. The basis of value chain division is the more specialized subdivision of production activities and other functional activities, which leads to the division of labor from the final product to the whole value-added process. The traditional theory that the density of factors determines the status of international division of labor is still applicable, but the meaning of factors has been greatly broadened. Under the background of economic globalization, the role of traditional elements such as natural resources and labor tends to weaken, while the role of knowledge elements such as technology, information, talents and innovation mechanism tends to strengthen. These elements have a high degree of international mobility. Moreover, more importantly, the proportion of elements required in each link of the value chain is different. Therefore, the division of labor can be defined as the traditional division of labor-intensive industries, capital-intensive industries and technology-intensive industries, and it can also be the division of labor between labor-intensive, capital-intensive, technology-intensive or other intensive links in the value chain of the same industry and the same product.

The diversification of the main body of>& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt is another manifestation of the deepening of contemporary international division of labor. Classical trade theory mainly reveals the basis of industrial division of labor and mutual trade between countries to increase income, and its corresponding environment is international division of labor with countries as the main body. Until the end of the last century, the theoretical discussion on the pattern of international division of labor was still characterized by horizontal division of labor between developed countries and vertical division of labor between developed and developing countries, which showed as follows: a large number of intra-industry trade between developed countries; A large number of inter-industry trade between developed and developing countries; Developed countries are good at capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries, while developing countries are good at labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries.

& gt>>>>> Today, the national boundaries of traditional division of labor have been obviously weakened, and enterprises (especially multinational companies) rather than countries have become the main body of division of labor. The division of labor between one country and another has changed, and a considerable number of enterprises are subcontractors bound by the same control system or fixed contract, rather than the external world market. Its core performance is that large multinational companies tend to specialize in a narrow sense, subcontracting more and more functions to independent companies distributed all over the world; Large multinational companies tend to focus more on knowledge-intensive and intangible functions such as product design, research and development, management services, marketing and brand management, and subcontract more production links to global contract manufacturers, or even withdraw from production completely.

& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt's diversification of division of labor is another manifestation of the deepening of contemporary international division of labor. The traditional meaning of international division of labor refers to the labor relations established by producers in various countries through the world market, which is the only way to realize the traditional division of labor and the inevitable way to realize the production relations or division of labor between countries through the international exchange of the world market. However, as an enterprise form corresponding to the world economy, the great development of transnational corporations has deepened the institutional arrangements outside the market and greatly enriched the connotation of international exchanges. Traditionally, the exchange that is defined as surpassing the national economy only occurs between different products of different countries and enterprises, but now it can also occur between the same country (between different branches of multinational companies in the same country), the same enterprise (within multinational companies) and the same product (between different production links). Therefore, international production links are not necessarily established through external markets, and the way to realize international division of labor has also changed from international trade relying solely on external markets to a pluralistic pattern in which external markets and internal markets coexist. In the internal market, international division of labor can be carried out through equity investment or non-equity subcontracting. The choice of mode is more determined by industrial characteristics or enterprise strategy than by the behavior of producers in various countries.