The use of copper as money may have started from imitating casting shells. There are also several kinds of copper shells: some are more like real shells, and the sawtooth is arc-shaped; Others are relatively flat, and the sawtooth lines are in a straight line.
With the development of agricultural production, production tools become more and more important, so people use knives, crops and grooved wheels as money when exchanging. If a place uses a production tool the most, this production tool becomes the currency of this area.
The currency evolved from farm tools formed three systems: cloth currency, knife currency and ring currency in the Warring States period.
Cloth coins: In ancient times, there was a farm tool called rice coins. The shape of cloth coins was very similar to rice coins. Because "rice" and "cloth" are homonyms, people call this coin "rice coin". The development of cloth coins has gone through two important stages. First, it can be handled, so it is called empty cloth. In the second stage, the cloth head is not empty, but flat, so it is also called plain cloth.
There are many kinds of hollow cloth. The earliest hollow cloth is very thick, just like a farm tool shovel. This is probably a transitional form from formal farm tools to money, which can be said to be the earliest money distribution. There is also a kind of cloth, the head is empty and the toes are big, and most of the two sides of the cloth have no words. Ordinary empty cloth will be smaller and have words on it. This kind of shoulder can be divided into flat shoulder and inclined shoulder, and its bottom is curved. The words on the cloth have one word and many words.
There are also some smaller ones with two words on them, such as: Jilun, Incest, Dong 'an, Tongshi, Wu 'an and so on. It's probably a place name with four words on it.
In the Warring States period, the shape of cloth coins changed greatly, from empty to flat, from large to small; At this time, the cloth can be roughly divided into four categories: pointed cloth, square ruler cloth, round ruler cloth and miscellaneous cloth. These cloths are distributed in different areas.
There are words on the pointy cloth, at most two words, often place names, such as ganden, Wu 'an and Jinyang. Pointed foot cloth is generally spread between Zhao and Wei in the north.
Square-foot cloth is the most popular cloth. Its shape is smaller than pointed foot cloth, and copper is tougher than pointed foot cloth. There are patterns on the cloth head of ordinary square ruler.
There are few kinds and quantities of round coins. It is characterized by round shoulders, round feet and round hips. The casting locations are Jinyang and Yin Da. Generally, round feet have no vertical stripes, while Jinyang, Lishi and Yin Da cast round feet have two vertical stripes. In a round foot, the most pieces are made of wood. The round foot has a round hole on the cloth head and two feet, so it is also called three-hole cloth. The back is also distinctive. There are numbers on the back of ordinary round feet, but there are words of discipline weight or discipline value on the back of three-hole cloth.
The most important thing to pay attention to in miscellaneous cloth is silk cloth and silk cloth. Cloth characters have the most characters in cloth coins.
Generally speaking, there are three types of cloth characters, namely, half flower, one flower and two flowers, which are all named after place names, such as Anyi half flower, Anyi first flower, Jinyang first flower and Jinyang second flower. These ancient coins are rare and expensive. The value of semi-fermented grains in Jinyang, Sichuan 10000 yuan, the value of second fermented grains in Jinyang, Shanghai is 2700 yuan, and that of Sichuan is 8000 yuan.
Knife coins: Knife coins are evolved from knives for daily or military use. Knife coins are mainly divided into two types according to their shapes: Qi sword and Yan knife coins.
Qi Dao is finely made, generally divided into six types, which are defined according to the characters on the knife surface.
One is a six-character knife, which translates as "Qi Jianbang's long hair flower", referred to as Jianbang knife or Jianbang knife. This kind of Dao has a bare back and a back text, and the back text is mostly Chinese characters, such as Chinese, Japanese, Shang, Gong and Liu. Because this kind of knife is rare in Qi Dao, it is also more expensive. A six-character knife in Sichuan is worth about 7000 yuan.
The other one is a four-character knife with four big characters on its face. Its production is a bit like a six-character knife, with beautiful words. The value of the four-character knife is also above 1800 yuan.
There are three kinds of three-character knives, which are relatively rough. Similar in shape to the six-character knife, that is, the blade is not interrupted, and the blades of other knives are interrupted at the handle. So it is worth noting that someone changed the low-priced three-character knife into a precious six-character knife.
There are also ink knives, Anyang knives and Tanbang knives. Because the six-character knife was cast first, it is the most important one in the Qi Dao.
Knives can be divided into needle knives, pointed knives, open knives and round knives.
Needle knife is characterized by a particularly sharp head, like a needle tip. Most of these knives have no characters, and a few have characters, with simple strokes and many pictographs.
The pointed knife is long and big, and it's over. Most of them have characters, such as: travel, culture, auspiciousness, industry, greatness and so on.
Ming Dow is the largest number of Taoist coins. Ming Dao is characterized by an ever-changing word on the surface and one or more words on the back. Ming Dow's watch system can be divided into square folding and circular folding.
Huanqian: Huanqian belongs to a small system in the monetary system of the Warring States Period. It is characterized by a circle with a hole in the middle. Ring money evolved from the spinning wheel, which, like knives and shovels, was an indispensable production tool for ancient people. The early ring money was the same as the spinning wheel in shape, such as the word money and the word money. In the later stage, the hole of the money ring is bigger, and its diameter is about the same as the width of one side. Such as placanticline, semi-ring, Western Zhou Dynasty and Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
1 Gubei
Northern currency is an important exchange currency system in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Yuanbei is the most primitive trading medium.
Later, for convenience, seashells were not easy to take, so they imitated the bones and bones. This product originally belonged to an old collector in Hong Kong and has entered our room. Its authenticity should be beyond doubt. It is said that it was unearthed from Yin Ruins in Henan Province.
Coin length: 26 mm, width: 17 mm.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:36
2 Yubei
During the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, the original trading media were similar in shape to cargo shells. In addition to the shape of jade shells, natural shells were also found, such as stones, bones, wood, pang, copper, lead, silver or gold. There is a longitudinal groove in the middle of the abdomen of the jade shell, and a small hole at the end. There is no text on the coin surface, which is generally 1.3-3.5 cm long.
Note: The authenticity of this episode is unknown and needs further identification.
Coin length: 20mm, width: 13mm.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:37
3 copper shell
The most primitive coin in human history is the originator of copper coins in China. It appeared in BC 14- 1 1 century, although it was remembered in Shang Dynasty.
But it was not widely used, and it is believed that it was still widely circulated in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. According to general research, it should belong to Shang Dynasty.
Coin length: 22mm, width: 14mm.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:37
4 Western Zhou Dynasty (1 1 century ~ 77 BC1)
Spring and Autumn Period (770 ~ 476 BC)
Inclined shoulder arc foot hollow cloth
From the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period, the currency of the Zhou Dynasty had the word "Wu" on it, which was cast in the royal area of the Zhou Dynasty (Luoyang area) and made of bronze. It is a shovel-shaped farm tool with large shovel-shaped inclined shoulders and ancient coins, from which the design idea of empty cloth comes.
As the receiving hole of wooden handle on farm tools, the model of farm tools is the beginning of China currency. Because the head hole of the currency is hollow, it is named short cloth. By the mid-Warring States period, cloth coins had lost their "short" characteristics.
Known as Shoupingbu, it was abandoned in the Qin and Western Han Dynasties. Since then, the new headstock cloth has returned to ancient times, and Shoupingbu has reappeared (see NGC-68；; NGC——72 years and NGC——49 years), in addition, cloth coins have basically disappeared in the torrent of history.
Coin length: 85mm, width: 45mm.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:39
6 Warring States Period (475 ~ 22 BC1)
Square ruler cloth with flat head and shoulders (flat ruler cloth)
There is a word "lang" on the cloth coin.
The casting location is the summer city when Lu lived in seclusion for nine years in the Spring and Autumn Period of Zuo Zhuan. Made of bronze, it was the currency from the middle to the end of the Warring States Period.
Coin length: 55mm, width:
37 mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:39
7 Zhao Anyang small square ruler cloth
In the middle and late Warring States period, it was made of bronze.
Coin length: 47mm, width (maximum): 31mm.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:40
8 Yan Qing folding Ming Dao
It is generally considered to be the currency of Yan State in the pre-Qin period (before 220 BC) and the end of the Warring States period. Knife coins are bronze products;
Ming Dow was named after the ancient font "Ming" on coins. Ming Dao has two shapes: one is that the handle and blade are curved like chin, so it is also called "chin folding knife".
Coin length: 133mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:4 1
9 Warring States ant nose money (ghost face money)
Chu coins, copper coins evolved from shell coins, have a flat back and a convex front, and are cast with a ghost head.
It looks like the tip of an ant's nose. It is also called grimace money, because it is engraved with a strange glyph like a "shell" instead of a shell. They vary in size and weight, and the casting process deviates from the original carving method. Because it is more convenient than knife and cloth trading, and it has been used for a long time, it has traces in vast areas, indicating that Chu's monetary economy and culture were at a high level at that time.
Coin length: (left) 2 1mm (right) 18mm, width: (left) 12mm (right) 9mm.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:4 1
10 yuan
From the middle to the end of the Warring States Period, it was one of the most primitive round currencies in China. On the right side of the coin, there is a big seal character "Yuan", which is cast in copper and weighs about 8 grams.
Coin diameter: 40mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:42
1 1 Yanqian
In the middle and late Warring States period, it was made of bronze with a diameter of 35mm.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:42
12 Qin Banliang in the Warring States Period: Qin appeared before Qin Shihuang unified China, and the collection remains to be identified.
Qin banliang
Year:
It appeared in 22 1 year BC, and Qin Shihuang unified China. It was confirmed by members of this room that this product was a version of the late Qin Dynasty (also known as Qin and Han Dynasties). Because the society was on the verge of bankruptcy, coin metal (low melting point copper alloy) was used.
) the weight was cut corners and the currency was extremely thin.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:43
13 Western Han Dynasty (206 BC ~ 8 AD)
Han Banliang (1) No Guo Banliang (2)
Year:
There are many kinds of semi-Liang in Han Dynasty, and the earliest money was thin. The calligraphy of "four baht and half Liang" written by Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty tends to be official.
Coin diameter: 23mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:44
No fruit and half grain
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:45
15 Hanwuzhu
Year: It was cast during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Five baht weighs 3.33 grams, hence the name. Five baht, circulating for more than 700 years (the Sui Dynasty still imitated this system).
Coin diameter: 26 mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:45
17 Xin Mang (AD 9-24)
Wangmang living spring
Year: In the first year of Tianfeng (A.D. 14), cloth casting and cargo spring were carried out. According to the fourth chapter of Book of Eating Goods, Volume 24 of Hanshu, the spring for eating goods is one inch in diameter and weighs five baht. The text says "goods on the right" and the left says "spring", which is straight and parallel to the borrowed cloth.
Coin diameter: 23~24mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:46
18 follwed cargo department
In the first year of Tianfeng (AD 14), a currency, bronze products, was cast. The product of Wang Mang's last (fourth) reform. This cloth weighs 25 baht,
Parallel quality and goods, exchange rate 1:25. The cloth preserved to this day can still be seen as exquisitely made, and Qian Wen's hanging needle seal is extremely clear, but historically, the appearance of cloth is also the eve of the demise of the new dynasty.
Coin length:
58 mm, width: 2 1 mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:46
Twenty-four of the five baht.
In the third year of Zhong Ping (AD 186), the Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty was cast in bronze. There are four diagonal lines on the back of the money, from the four corners of the perforation to the outer Guo. Due to the corruption and incompetence of the government, the public is increasingly angry. At that time, there were rumors among the people:
When this money was invested, the people fled the Eastern Han Dynasty in four ways.
Coin diameter: 25mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:47
2 1 penniless penny (Dong Zhuo five baht)
In the first year of Chuping, Xian Di (A.D. 190), Dong Zhuozhu made an inferior coin without words and Guo. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the social structure went bankrupt and the currency depreciated. The minted currency is both cutting corners and extremely cunning. Judging from the shape,
Money is divorced from the standard of five baht, which is a sign that the Eastern Han Dynasty is on the verge of extinction.
Coin diameter: 16mm
Brother Huang 2006-04-29 10:47
The development of money is the development of productive forces.
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:47
22 Three Kingdoms (AD 220~265)
Direct 150 baht
Liu Bei's regime of Shu was cast in Yizhou in AD 2 14 (the 19th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty). The "white quality" on Qian Wen copper coins is a kind of official script, which is the earliest official script on China coins.
Coin diameter:
27 mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:47
23 Pingping 100
It is generally believed that this coin was cast in the first year of Emperor Gui of Jinhui (AD 290), and its Qian Wen is thin and small, and its writing is not refined. According to today's literature:
Made in Shu in the middle of Three Kingdoms.
Coin diameter: 13mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:48
Sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 3 17~420 ~ 420)
Left: Five baht (money)
Right: Five baht without money.
(It's an inferior version of the five baht in the Jin Dynasty, but it's not on the spring spectrum. Moreover, experts in ancient money are still controversial about whether there are coins in the Jin Dynasty. )
In the first year of filial piety in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 3 17~322), Xing Wu made small coins. This product is made of bronze and is a wordless currency. According to the Book of Jin, the sixteenth grain cargo includes:
Jin entered the Central Plains chaos and crossed the river with old money, some light and some heavy. The big one is called Babylon, and the middle one is called Sven. Xing Wu Shen Chong also made some small money, the so-called Shen Lang money. There is not much money, so it is more expensive. After three years of filial piety in Taiyuan, Zhao said, "Money is the treasure of the country, and petty people are greedy for profits and have nothing to lose, so we should pay attention to it. Foreigners in Guangzhou are precious bronze drums, but the country is always short of copper. It is said that officials and private businessmen are so greedy for money that when they enter Guangzhou, goods and foreigners will be defeated. The most important thing is to ban alcohol, and those who get it are guilty. 」
Coin diameter: 2 1mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:49
Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589)
Yong 'an Zhu Wu
It was cast in the second year of Emperor Yong 'an of Xiao Zhuang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 529).
Later, the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties were successfully cast. It is made of bronze and has a wide edge. According to article115 of Shu Wei, six-year grain:
In the autumn of the second year of Yong 'an, the imperial edict was changed to "Yong 'an five baht", and the furnace was officially self-reliant, from September to the first month of the third year. This product was called Tianzhu (face star) money by ancient coin collectors.
Coin diameter:
24 mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:49
26 formula female money
In the Southern Dynasties, it was cast in the first year of Tian Jian, Liang Wudi (AD 502), and the bronze was free of five baht. According to the "Tongdian" volume nine food nine coins download:
Formula female money, one inch in diameter, is called "five baht" in text, and it is as heavy as new casting five baht, and the two products are parallel. People or private people who trade ancient money have a diameter of one inch and weigh eight baht, which is called "five baht" in the text and belongs to Sanwu County. Women's money is one inch in diameter and weighs five baht. It has no wheels and is common in counties.
Coin diameter: 23mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:50
27 Changping five baht
In the Northern Dynasties, Wen Xuandi Tianbao was cast in 553 AD and made of bronze. According to the book of Northern Qi Dynasty, the fourth article of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty:
..... In the first month of the spring of four years ... I was ugly, and I earned new coins, saying that "five baht is always flat". Check the19th batch of food in Sui Shu again:
Wenxuan Zen, in addition to Yong' an money, changed to Changping five baht, as heavy as its text. Its money is expensive and exquisite. Between Gan Ming and Huang Jian, it is often a private investment. There are different ways to spend money, such as red ripe, green ripe, thin eyebrows and red raw. Used in Henan, there are blue, fine, lead and tin. Qing, Qi, Xu, Yan, Liang and Yuzhou have different generations. After Wu Ping died, he turned to private casting, or used pig iron and copper. As for Wuqi, pawning can't be banned.
Coin diameter: 25mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:50
28 goose eyes 5 baht
A thin and inferior small five-baht coin was privately minted by officials from various dynasties and places, and there is no way to test the correct age.
It only appeared in the Six Dynasties (AD 222-589) (China spanned the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Sixteen Countries in Wuhu and the Southern and Northern Dynasties in history, which was an era of social instability and turmoil).
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:5 1
29 years old (ad 58 1 ~ 6 18)
Five baht
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty minted a standard five-baht coin in Huang Kai in the ninth year (AD 589), which was called Huang Kai Five-baht (also called sample five-baht). Five baht in Sui Dynasty is white money, so it is also called "five baht in white money". "Sui Shu" Volume 24 records Article 19 food.
Since the influence of Zhou Chan, Gaozu has made new money with different weights of money and goods. The meat on the back is good, and everyone has Zhou Guo, called "five baht", which is as important as its words.
Coin diameter: 23mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:5 1
30 Tang dynasty (ad 6 18 ~ 907)
Kaiyuan Bao Tong
Date: 62 1, Wude, Tang Gaozu, for three years.
Coin diameter: 25mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:52
3 1 Gan Yuan Chongbao
Tang Suzong Gan Yuan two years (AD 759).
Copper, coin diameter: 25mm
zhshx 2006-04-29 10:52
32 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960 AD)
Ganheng Bao Zhong
The first year of the Southern Han ancestor Liu Li Gan Heng (AD 9 17).
Lead, coin diameter: 26 mm
Kaiyuan Bao Tong
Date: 62 1, Wude, Tang Gaozu, for three years.