In the Middle Ages, European shipbuilding technology was divided into two styles: North and South. In the early Middle Ages, Nordic shipbuilding was the most distinctive.
Nordic waters are vast, and residents have long built boats as water transportation tools. Archaeologists have found many photos of bronze age ships in Denmark. Some of these pictures are carved on rocks, some on weapons and even on men's razors. In the painting, the ship's hull is very long and the bow is very high, similar to the neck of a swan, with the heads of various animals engraved on it, and a tree stands in the center of the ship. A boat built around A.D. was found in the Yolspring swamp area in southern jutland, which is quite similar to the painted boat in the Bronze Age. The slender hull, 42 feet long, is exquisite in structure, just like a racing speedboat. Each board is very narrow and does not need to be nailed together. Instead, it is stitched first and then tied to the skeleton. In the early Middle Ages, there were some new developments in Nordic ships. 1863, two big ships were found in needham. One of them is in the museum in Schleswig, with a captain over 60 feet.
This ship shows three characteristics that the northern ship is different from the southern ship:
1. The method of "clinker-construction" of ship plates, that is, the ship plates overlap, while the Mediterranean ship is "Creville-construction", and the ship plates are spliced smoothly, so the surface is smooth.
2. Joseph Needham's ship is "double-headed", that is, the bow and stern are very high, and there is no difference in shape, while the head and tail of the southern ship are very different.
3. There is no deck. The ship is mainly propelled by oars, and there is no mast or sail yet. The ship is slightly round and has only a rough keel.
In the 8th century, Viking ships began to develop into sailboats. In a series of sculptures left on the Gotland Islands in Sweden, it has been found that the sail is not a small piece of cloth, but a complete square sail with red and blue ribbons painted on its surface, which has become a dazzling symbol. The bottom of the sail is tied loosely and there is no cross beam. Since the end of the 8th century, Vikings have been sailing to the sea in all directions. They migrated widely and were excellent maritime nations in the world at that time. In Britain, they are called Danes; In Frank and Italy, they are called Normans; In Russian and Irish, they are called Valancy people. They also dared to take risks on the high seas and reached Iceland and Greenland in the west. They even reached the North American continent around 1000. There is no doubt that their large-scale navigation activities are related to advanced shipbuilding and navigation technology.
Some hulls that have been found can explain the characteristics of Viking ships. There are usually two Norwegian ships. One was discovered by 1880 in Gostad, Norway. The other one was discovered by 1903 in Osberg, Norway. Both places are near Oslo. According to the appraisal, the ship Osberg was built about 800 years ago. It is a long ship with a length of 2 1m and a width of 4 m, and its hull is only 1.5m high. Therefore, the freeboard is low and the draft is shallow, which is suitable for sailing in offshore waters. The Gostad is a typical warship. Although it is the same width as the Osberg ship, it is about 24 meters long and 2 meters deep. Later, five twin-engine ships were found in an estuary north of Copenhagen, Denmark, and their history can be traced back to about 10 century. They are full of stones and other things. According to analysis, they deliberately sank to block the waterway to prevent intruders. Although they are the same ship type, they are different in style, volume and age. Among them, the big ship must be a sailboat rather than a rowboat. The depth of the water is high, which may be a troop ship.
According to the analysis of various hull materials, Norman ship has the following characteristics. Most of these features were formed in the Needham Ship Age, and some of them were further developed and appeared in the 9th century to12nd century.
1. The hull is a long ship, but the middle part is much wider than the long ship in the southern Mediterranean. The head and tail of a ship are almost symmetrical, both pointed and high from the sea, so they are called double-headed ships. As a whole, the hull is a smoothly curved line, from the high bow to the middle near circle and then to the high stern. Elegant curve, head and tail are like snake dragons, and you can go to the head and tail in distress.
2. The motive force is mainly navigation, but also paddling. "There is one or at most two masts with longitudinal sails", and the masts generally stand in the center. For example, the mast of the Gostad ship stands on a hard stone in the center that looks like a fish, and has a mast. In order to resist the strong winds in the northern seas, the square sails (single sails) set on Viking ships are generally made of leather or cloth and leather strips. The ship is also designed with a sail foot rope, which can affect the windward side of the sail, so that the ship can still sail before the wind in the case of crosswind. A special device with a fixed paddle. For example, there are 16 paddle holes on each side of the Gostad ship, which pass through the upper side of the ship's side and look like keyhole. When sailing without paddles, the paddle holes are covered with sliding shuttle plugs to prevent water from entering. There is also a cover plate on the paddle, which is removed when rowing.
3. The ship bottom and shell plate are unique in structure. There is a keel at the bottom of the boat, and there are two ways for the ribs to pass through: a gondola with invisible keel and a pointed bottom boat with protruding keel. Both kinds of ships have their own uses. Sharp-bottomed ships are thinner and have good seakeeping, which is the advantage of Nordic ships over Mediterranean ships and the main ship type of Normans. But gondolas are easy to climb on the beach, which is suitable for Normans to get involved in inland rivers when invading other places, so they are also very common. The hull plates are connected into a whole by tower connection. For example, on Gostad's boat, each board is made of oak with a thickness of 465,438+0 cm. The eight boards at the bottom are fixed on the ribs by binding, instead of being tied with nails, which increases the elasticity and flexibility and reduces the pressure on the ship at sea. The ship still has no deck, so Norman navigation is basically open-air. It is said that William of Normandy used this ship when he conquered England in 1066. One of the five ships in Copenhagen mentioned above has an empty cabin.
4. Use rudder propeller. The rudder propeller is very long and installed on the right side of the stern, reaching below the bottom of the keel, which can maintain stability. The rudder propeller is controlled by shaking the tiller on the starboard side, which leads to the use of the word "steer-board" to represent the right side of the ship.
According to Engels, it was Norman ships (mainly sharp-bottomed ships) that brought about a comprehensive revolution in navigation technology: "Their ships are stable and strong, with raised keels and sharp bows. Most of them only use the sails of this ship, and they are not afraid of being suddenly attacked by storms in the choppy North Sea. ..... and the Normans sailed this ship on a pirate adventure and arrived in Constantinople in the east and America in the west. The crash of this ship that dared to cross the Atlantic caused a comprehensive revolution in the navigation industry, so before the end of the Middle Ages, all coastal areas in Europe adopted new types of pointed-bottomed seagoing ships. "
From 12 to 14, the northern ships represented by Viking ships have made some new developments. The first is the appearance of the tail rudder, which replaced the rudder paddle in the past. The earliest picture of the stern rudder and tiller was found in a 1200 British city seal, which shows that the original stern rudder was bent to adapt to the stern curve. Later, the stern became straight and the stern rudder was improved. A seal of 1242 in northern Germany shows this point. The use of the stern rudder is helpful for the ship to sail against the wind. With the deepening of the hull, the ship can sail diagonally against the wind. Secondly, the low freeboard of Viking ships also changed after 1 100 years, that is, superstructure was built at the bow and stern, which was called "castle". The fort was originally built for military purposes. At that time, the naval vessels were very close, and when the enemy boarded the ship's waist, the front and rear batteries could play a certain defensive role. Later, it also extended to merchant ships. There are such tall buildings on board, giving people a "top-heavy" appearance. To this end, the forecastle actually became the "sailor's cabin" of the bow. Third, the appearance and evolution of northern merchant ships. Knohl, a merchant ship in the north, has a wider and deeper hull than a long ship, and is the earliest ship in the north that can use headwind. /kloc-In the 4th century, Noel developed into a standard merchant ship, which ruled Northern Europe for 400 years. The famous "cog" ship in the north is actually a copy of it. The Koger ship has a veritable stern rudder to control the direction, a long bowsprit extending forward and a square sail. The hull is particularly strong. 1400 or so, on the basis of the Kege ship, a larger "Hulk" ship appeared in the north.
Shipbuilding technology in southern Europe
The history of shipbuilding in southern Europe can be traced back to the Crete who accepted the civilization on the east coast of the Mediterranean. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the sailboats in Crete were tilted at both ends, with one mast and one sail, which became the basic ship type in the Mediterranean for thousands of years. Around the same time, pictures of ships with trees were also found in the ruins of Mycenae civilization in Greece. This kind of tree can be used as both a mast and a sail. Throughout the ancient Greek and Roman times, the shipbuilding industry, whether warships or merchant ships, made new progress on the basis of Egyptian and Phoenician technology, and basically formed two types of ships: "strip ship" and "round ship".
The long ship was originally an open deck ship, about 30 meters long and propelled by 50 single-layer paddles. By the time of the Salami naval battle in the Greek-Persian war in the first 480 years, the Greek warship was 45 meters long and had paddles on the outboard, making it 6 meters wide. There are two or three layers of paddles with different lengths. Later, the long ship developed into a big stupid ship with a complete deck and collision angle, which is called "quinquiremes", which means that the ship has five layers of blades. Long ships are equipped with masts, but the sails are only used occasionally when the wind is downwind. Paddling is more important in combat, it can control speed and master direction, and it is not limited by wind and direction. Long and narrow, the space is too small to store water and food, nor can it carry goods. Generally only used for military purposes.
Round ships are mainly used for commercial purposes. The length-width ratio of round boats is about 5: 2, and some are slightly longer. The draft is deeper than that of a long ship, the stern is high and the head is low, and both sides of the upper deck are lattice-shaped. At first, it only had a mast and a sail. Later, around Gong Yuan, a small mast and sail were added to the bow, and sometimes there were two triangular small top sails. Or there is a big truss with a steep angle in front of the bow, and small sails are hung on it to control the direction. The lifting rope of the sail has also become an auxiliary pillar of the mast, and a thick belt has been tied along both sides of the ship instead of the tether. This kind of big ship is heavy and mainly propelled by sails. Although it can't go against the wind, it can turn the sail and take advantage of the crosswind blowing within 45 degrees of the stern. In addition, you need paddle assistance, and you need rudder oars on both sides of the stern to control the direction. Round ships carry many goods. For example, the ship carrying grain in Rome is relatively large, 27 meters long and 9 meters wide. It has a load of 250 tons and carries 300 passengers.
In the Middle Ages, southern European ships not only inherited the tradition of ancient Mediterranean ship types, but also were influenced by contemporary Arab ships. Its main feature is that the ship's hull plates are spliced horizontally, nailed to the ribs and filled with asphalt. The ship has a smooth surface and deck. However, ships of different countries and times have their own characteristics.
Around the 9th century, Byzantine ships with smooth hulls used a new type of spinnaker device (which accepted Arab technology), and the ships could sail within 60 degrees of the wind direction. The round and smooth surface of the ship reduces the friction between the hull and the water, which makes these huge ships have good navigation quality. The ship can still basically follow the predetermined direction, not paying much attention to the wind direction. In the following two or three centuries, this kind of ship became bigger and heavier, and was called nef ship. It has two or three masts, all of which use jib devices, and the displacement exceeds 1000 tons. Italian ships have towers at both ends. In the heyday of the Middle Ages, a ship called "Tarrida" was widely used, which combined the characteristics of long ships and sailboats. The reason to combine the characteristics of long ships is because commercial sailboats have to deal with pirate attacks. Hand-cranked sailboats can not only run without wind, but also have certain warship functions.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/2nd century, Genoa ships had only two decks./kloc-in the late of the 0/3rd century, three decks appeared. Two masts, the front mast is slightly higher and larger, three spinnakers and two spinnakers at the back sail. The best masts are made of hard cotton or linen from Genoa or Marseilles. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/3rd century, some Mediterranean ships were as long as 30 meters. The device that controls the direction is the side rudder. There are a pair of side rudders, installed near the stern, one on each side. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, ships in the Mediterranean also began to use the stern rudder. At the same time, around the 3rd century/KLOC-A.D., ships from northern Koge began to appear in the Mediterranean Sea. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/4th century, the Italians have widely built this single-masted ship to carry long-distance goods.
After the end of 14, the characteristics of north and south ships began to merge, resulting in a new large ship "Calaque". This ship later became the original style of ocean-going ships in western Europe, and it was also the most typical ship in the western world before the arrival of the galleon era (16-18th century), which was both military and commercial. It is said that the mixture of North and South characteristics originated from the Crusader era, because at that time, Crusaders from all countries had the opportunity to watch other people's ship types and construction methods. The ship installation technology in the north, such as fixed cabin and single sail, and the ship structure technology in the south, such as deck and flat seam ship plate technology, are all regarded as advantages and combined with new ships. Calaque ship first appeared in Venice, Genoa and Spain. Its hull was deep and wide, with a high stern, a huge forecastle protruding from the bow, and its hull was smooth, elegant and curved. The rudder is no longer on one side, but is installed on the center line of the hull.
/kloc-after the 0/5th century, sailing ships evolved from one mast and one sail to three masts. These three masts are foremast, short mast, main mast, high mast and rear mast. At first, a spinnaker was hung on the foremast. Later, a pillar was placed at the bow of the ship, and a square oblique sail was hung on it, which could make the foremast move backward and increase its height. Later, some mast ropes were added as an aid, and ladder ropes (tied to the mast ropes) were added to replace the wooden ladders used to climb the mast. In the process of driving, I felt too tired to control the big sail, which led to the use of a series of small sails. First of all, some big ships hang three sails on the main mast, from bottom to top, namely the main sail (heading), topsail and topsail. Later, ships usually had three sails on each mast. Four-masted ships also appeared, with square sails on the foremast and spinnakers on the last three masts. Later, some methods of shrinking sails were invented. Square sails are no longer put away to reduce the sail surface as before, but tied with pieces of canvas like flags, and it is also possible to untie the belt when it is not needed. If it is necessary to increase the sail area in the breeze, some narrow strips of cloth will be tied to the small canvas. In the 65438+5th century, the length of sailboats equipped with masts was generally between 24 and 27 meters. The sailboat with three masts and many sails laid the basic style of the mast sail device in the era of 16- 18 th century.
The Portuguese ship is a light sailboat. It originated from a fishing boat named barca, weighing only 20 to 30 tons. Caravel's boat is not as deep as Calaque's. It makes more use of the jib at the bow and stern, so that the ship can sail with the wind. The combination of these two kinds of sails can effectively change the wind direction. One installation method is to use square sails for the foremast and main mast, with a square top sail on the main sail and a tall spinnaker hanging from the back mast. Hang the square sail to drive with the wind, and hang the spinnaker to adjust the direction with the wind. There is also a Caravel boat, all of which use spinnakers. The sailboat used by the navigator Henry's fifth son in his later years is a special kind of ship with three sharp masts, which is called a diagonal sail device. The sail is triangular, or the upper part is triangular, and it is usually installed in a position parallel to the keel. Portuguese ships are very fast, with a speed of 22 kilometers per hour when the wind is downwind. The ship is light and easy to handle. When the wind is against the wind, you can go to the curve of the downwind, turn one side of the ship's side to the downwind for a while, and turn the other side of the ship's side to the downwind for a zigzag route.
Calaque and Caravel, two new types of ships, are quite different in form, but they are both suitable for sailing and can go anywhere. "Pinta" and "Nina" in Columbus' sailing fleet are light flat-bottomed Caravel ships, while "Santa Maria" is a well-equipped Calaque ship. From 1497 to 1499, the ships opening new routes in India are almost the same size and shape as Columbus, which are basically these two types of ships.
But no matter what kind of ship, the tonnage of medieval European ships was not large, and the hull was much smaller than that of China ships. The northern ships are smaller, while the southern Mediterranean ships are slightly larger. 1066, Normans crossed the English Channel, each carrying only 30 tons. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, the average deadweight of British ships was 200 tons, and the largest ship was only 300 tons. The ships provided by Venice during the Crusades could carry more than 500 tons on average. /kloc-After 0/4th century, Venice began to build a merchant fleet. Its ship is a long boat, the tonnage is 100 tons, and then 300 tons. /kloc-in the 5th century, some Calaque ships in Genoa reached or even exceeded 1000 tons. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, the tonnage of an ordinary Hanseatic merchant ship was about 75 tons. 1440, Hanseatic merchant ships were mainly abandoned ships, with an average load of about 150 tons. Thirty years later, the Kawohl clipper appeared in the Hanseatic fleet, with an average tonnage of about 300 tons. In the wine trade between France and Britain, in the early155th century, no ship could carry more than100t of wine. However, by the middle of this century, ships departing from Bordeaux can carry 150 tons on average, and a few ships can also carry 500 tons of wine. In Venice, around 1450, ships over 200 tons were considered as big ships, but for most of the later Koger ships, 400 tons could only be regarded as ordinary tonnage. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, many sailing boats in Venice reached 600 tons or even 700 tons. The average tonnage of Portuguese ships has at least doubled between 1450 and 1550. In the15th century, the Dutch engaged in the Baltic grain trade used several kinds of ships. Hulk ships without keel and round hull have a tonnage ranging from 200 tons to 400 tons. The tonnage of clippers with long midsole varies from 250 tons to about 500 tons. We can't simply judge the sailing ability of a ship by its size, because when Columbus and da Gama sailed in the ocean, their flagship was only about 150 tons. The seakeeping and endurance of ships are also very important. Of course, more important is navigation (mainly navigation) technology.
A world-famous sailboat since the Middle Ages.
Since the Middle Ages, there has been a clear division of labor between warships and merchant ships, and they began to develop independently along their own directions. Cork ships of Hanseatic League are still used for military and civilian purposes. Later, one development trend of the Cork was to become a so-called wine ship specialized in transporting wine in Europe, and another development trend was to become a large warship and Galen ship like the Spanish Calaque. Later, the naval ship designers in the British naval fleet created the Galen ship with a low superstructure, also known as the Queen Ship. With the arms race of European naval countries, there are more than 100 online warships with three guns and three decks, while France has created an online warship with 74 guns and excellent performance.
In terms of ocean-going merchant ships, the Dutch Ferrut merchant ship was the forerunner, and later the British East India Company was once brilliant. At the end of the navigation era, opium flying scissors and tea flying scissors in the United States and Britain were also decades ahead. During the Southern Song Dynasty, cars and boats created by China transformed human motion into mechanical motion, which is the sound of modern Ming steamboats. The closure of ships in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties appeared on the navigation stage in China for a long time. By the end of Qing Dynasty, ship sealing had made great progress compared with Ming Dynasty. The research shows that the five-mast ship sealing in Ming Dynasty is very similar to Zheng He's treasure ship in shape and size. In addition to the lucky boats, the Guangzhou boat and the Jiangchuan boat in Ming and Qing Dynasties were called the three ocean-going sailboats in China together with the former, while the Korean turtle boat was an original advanced Meng Chong that made the enemy invulnerable and became the most powerful armored warship in the Oriental Watertown at that time.
cog ship
Kirk was originally a round ship with sails as the main power, which was different from the Viking long ship in the Viking fleet. The hull is short and wide, suitable for cargo ships. Its large width and depth greatly improve the stability and passengers, and the long deck effectively protects the cargo in the cabin from the influence of water in bad weather. Later, the Cork became the main ship used by China, a Hanseatic (commercial) alliance composed of Germanic peoples. It turns out that it adopts the traditional overlapping structure of northern Europe, which seriously restricts its tonnage, often less than 200 tons. Later, influenced by the smooth hull of Mediterranean seagoing ships, it was also changed into a flat seam structure, which made its tonnage break through. Influenced by the flat rudder used by Chinese sailboats, European shipbuilders first installed the stern rudder on the straight-tailed Kirk, which greatly improved its navigation ability. The combination of rudder and compass makes Kirk ship have the ability to sail in the ocean. Because of its long voyage, the Kirk is also used as a maritime escort to guard against armed attacks at sea. Archers, slingshots and trebuchets are often used for self-defense, thus raising the head and tail buildings. Therefore, it can sometimes be used in maritime operations.
Calaque (Calaque)
Calaque is the main ship type of Europe 1300- 1525. It was originally a cargo ship and was later used as a warship. It is generally believed that it evolved from Genoa cork ship, from 1 mast to 4 mast, from a very high forecastle to a smaller forecastle, or even disappeared. 150 1 year, the invention of chord-side gun doors allowed a larger gun base to be located on the main deck, and the Calaque ship began to become a large sailing ship with multiple gun decks, so that the largest Calaque ship could reach 2,000 tons. Although Calaque only participated in several big naval battles in the later period, it played a great role in the development of warships. It is an important turning point for ships to develop from single-masted ships to fully equipped three-masted ships, from warships with crossbows to real gunboats.
Light sailboat "Caravel"
Gallon (Gallon)
The Galen is famous as a Spanish treasure ship. At that time, it often transported gold between the old and new worlds in the Atlantic Ocean. Since Spain established its colonies in America, the main ship types of Spain and Portugal at that time-the house-grabbing ship (like the Calaque ship) and the Caravel ship-were no longer competent to transport a large number of goods or soldiers across the Atlantic. Therefore, some excellent characteristics of these two types of ships are combined into a hybrid type, which leads to the appearance of the Spanish Galen ship. It usually has four masts, the first two masts are hung with fence sails, and the last two masts are hung with jibs. It generally has a standard length of 46-55 meters, a displacement of 300- 1000 tons, several long decks and a very high poop. The stern deck of the large Galen has seven floors, with a displacement of 2,000 tons and a draft of 8 meters. It is suitable for carrying goods through long sea lanes. With a long endurance, it was the largest ship in the world at that time. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/6th century, British shipbuilders began to develop light Galen ships. In order to make them more suitable for long-range artillery warfare and improve maneuverability, they lowered the first superstructure and moved it into the hull or even the first column. This type of ship is 50 meters long and has a displacement of 500-600 tons. This new type of Galen ship is obviously superior to the Spanish Galen ship in speed and maneuverability, because it was built during the period of Queen Elizabeth in England, and is also known as the "Queen Ship".
Derek's flagship "Jin Lu" recycling ship.
Design unit: Manufacturing unit:
Country of manufacture (region): UK origin:
Construction year: year: 1973
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brief introduction
Jin Lu was originally a small English sailboat (Spanish galleon) during the period of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603). It is famous as the flagship of Drake's voyage around the world. Although there is no very accurate ship chart data, according to various data, it is estimated that its length is 23-25m, its draft is 2.75m at first, and then increased to 3.97m The dimensions of the restored ship owner in the Renton Science Museum are: total length 22.88m, length between two columns 18.30m, width 5.80m and weight100. 1973, Jin Lu rebuilt Appledore Road in Dover as a memorial. After the transformation, the captain is 36.6m, the vertical length is 3 1. 1m, the waterline is 22.9m, the width is 7m, the depth is 4m, the displacement is 290t, the sail area is 386m2, and there are 18 guns.