I. Introduction to Hong Kong.
Hong Kong, referred to as "Hong Kong" for short, is called the People's Republic of China (PRC) Special Administrative Region. It is located in the south of China, east of the Pearl River Estuary, along the South China Sea, bordering Shenzhen in the north, the Pearl River in the west, and facing Macao Special Administrative Region, Zhuhai City and Zhongshan City across the Pearl River Estuary.
Hong Kong is a highly prosperous international metropolis, consisting of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and New Territories, with a total land area of 1 104.32 square kilometers and the third population density in the world.
Hongkong has been the territory of China since ancient times. During the period of 1842- 1997, Hong Kong was once a British colony. two
After World War II, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly. It is not only known as one of the "Four Little Dragons in Asia", but also one of the richest, most developed and highest living standards countries in the world. 1 July 19971day, People's Republic of China (PRC) officially resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was established. The central government has complete power over Hong Kong, which maintains its original capitalist system and way of life and enjoys a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and national defense. "One country, two systems", "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy are the basic national policies of the China government.
Hong Kong is the third largest financial center in the world and an important international financial, trade and shipping center. It is also called "Newland Port" with new york and London. It is the freest economy and one of the most competitive cities in the world, enjoying a high reputation in the world and being rated as the first-tier city in the world by GaWC.
Hong Kong is a place where Chinese and Western cultures blend together, combining the wisdom of China people with the advantages of western social system. It is famous for its clean government, good public order, free economic system and perfect legal system, and has the reputation of "Pearl of the Orient", "Gourmet Paradise" and "Shopping Paradise".
Second, the historical evolution of Hong Kong.
In the Neolithic Age, there were already human activities in Hong Kong.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, in 2 14 BC (thirty-three years of Qin Shihuang), the Qin Dynasty in China sent troops to pacify Baiyue, established Nanhai County, and incorporated Hong Kong into the territory, belonging to Panyu County. From then on, Hong Kong was placed under the jurisdiction of the central government and clearly became the territory of the Central Plains Dynasty at that time. The Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River). From this time until the Qing Dynasty, with the spread of Central Plains civilization to the south, Hong Kong gradually developed.
In the Han Dynasty, Hong Kong belonged to Boluo County, Nanhai County.
In the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 33 1 year), Hong Kong belonged to Baoan County, Dongguan County. In the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of Nanhai County was set aside, and another Dongguan County was set up, which governed six counties including Baoan, Xingning and Haifeng. The jurisdiction of Baoan County includes today's Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Dongguan, and the county seat is today's Shenzhen Nantou City.
Dongguan County was abolished in Sui Dynasty, and its jurisdiction was merged into Nanhai County and guangzhou fu. Baoan County was changed to Nanhai County, and Hong Kong was still managed by Baoan County.
In the second year of Tang Zhide (AD 757), Baoan County was changed to Dongguan County, and Hong Kong still belonged to Dongguan County.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, a large number of mainland people moved to Hong Kong, which promoted the great development of Hong Kong's economy and culture. In the Yuan Dynasty, China was a province of Jiangxi Province. The Yuan Dynasty set up inspection departments in Tuen Mun in the southwest of Hong Kong and Tuen Mun in the outer port of Guangzhou, and stationed troops to prevent pirates from invading and defend the Guangzhou area.
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, some places were set aside from Dongguan County to establish Xin 'an County, which was later Hong Kong. Since then, Hong Kong Island has been a British colony from the first year of Wanli (A.D. 1573) to Daoguang 2 1 year of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 184 1 year) and has been under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County, guangzhou fu.
1662 The Qing Dynasty sent troops to the New Territories and ordered villagers to braid their hair. During the Qing Dynasty, Hong Kong has always occupied an important position in foreign trade, because Hong Kong and Guangzhou are as close as lips and teeth, and Guangzhou is the only commercial port open to the outside world in the Qing Dynasty.
Before the British occupation of Hong Kong, Hong Kong was basically a desert island. Some fishermen live in Stanley, Datandu and Shipai Bay in the south of the island, as well as Agongyan and Shuijing Bay in the east of the island. In other places, such as Huangniyong, Dengdizhou and Seven Sisters, there are some small village bays. At that time, there were about 3000 residents on the island. In the early years, the British took a fancy to the potential of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong as an excellent port in East Asia. Until the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the late19th century, the territory was ceded to Britain in batches and became a British colony.
184 1 year 65438+1October 26th, after the First Opium War, Britain occupied Hong Kong Island, and afterwards the Qing government tried to recover it by force. Daoguang issued many orders for this, but the Qing Dynasty could never defend its territorial integrity.
1842 On August 29th, the Qing government signed the unequal treaty of nanking (formerly known as Jiangning Treaty) with Britain, and ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain.
1860, 10/0 On October 24th, China and Britain signed the unequal Beijing Treaty, ceding the area south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula to Britain.
1On June 9th, 898, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Charter for Expanding Hong Kong's Boundary (commonly known as "New Territories Concession"), and forcibly leased the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula and south of Shenzhen River, as well as more than 200 large and small islands for 99 years (ending on June 30th, 997). Britain occupied the territory of China through three treaties, with a total area of 1092 square kilometers, including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, which is now the whole territory of Hong Kong.
194 1 year 65438+February 25th (known as "Black Christmas" by Hong Kong people), during the Second World War, the Japanese invaded Hong Kong, and the British troops stationed in Hong Kong were unable to resist. At that time, Governor Yang had no choice but to declare surrender. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan and began a "period of Japanese rule" of three years and eight months.
1945 September 15, after Japan's defeat, it signed a surrender in Hong Kong and withdrew from Hong Kong, and Hong Kong was ruled by Britain again.
After World War II, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly, becoming the third largest financial center in the world after new york and London. It has not only become one of the "Four Little Dragons of Asia", but also the financial, service and shipping center of Asia.
1982 to 1984, China and Britain hold talks on the implementation of Hong Kong's future. 1984, 12 and 19 signed the Joint Statement of the People of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the question of Hong Kong, and decided 1997. China promised to implement "one country, two systems" in Hongkong.
1 July 19971day, the China government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was established and the Basic Law was implemented. Hong Kong has entered a new historical period of "one country, two systems", "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy.
1In September 1997, the annual meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were held in Hong Kong. This annual meeting is the first large-scale international conference hosted by Hong Kong after its return to the motherland, and it is also the first time that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have held annual meetings in China.
From 65438 to 0998, affected by the Asian financial crisis, the Hong Kong stock market fluctuated greatly. With the firm support of the central government, the Hong Kong SAR government decided to fight back against international speculators, and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority invested huge sums of money in the stock and futures markets, successfully repelling speculators.
In early spring of 2003, SARS broke out in Hong Kong. The SAR Government led all sectors of the community into anti-epidemic actions, and the epidemic situation that lasted for several months was finally brought under control. On June 23rd, the World Health Organization announced that Hong Kong had officially left the SARS epidemic area? .
In June 2003, the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) was signed. The central government then launched a "individual tour" plan for mainland residents to visit Hong Kong.
On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2003, the People's Bank of China announced that it agreed to provide liquidation arrangements for Hong Kong banks that handle four types of personal RMB business in Hong Kong: deposit, remittance, remittance and RMB bank card. In February 2004, the Bank of Hong Kong officially launched RMB business.
At the beginning of June, 2004, the first Pan-Pearl River Delta Regional Cooperation and Development Forum was held in Hong Kong, and the "9+2" regional economic cooperation between nine mainland provinces and regions and Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions officially appeared.
In September 2005, Hong Kong Disneyland opened to welcome guests, which is the fifth Disneyland in the world.
In August 2008, the equestrian events of the Beijing Olympic Games were successfully held in Hong Kong.
From June, 5438 to February, 2009, the 5th East Asian Games was held in Hong Kong, which was the first time that Hong Kong held an international comprehensive event after its return to the motherland.
20 1 1 In March, the central government announced the outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and Hong Kong and Macao became separate chapters for the first time. The Outline points out that Hong Kong's position as an international financial, trade and shipping center should be consolidated and enhanced, and Hong Kong should be supported to become an international asset management center and an offshore RMB business center.
Third, the geographical environment of Hong Kong.
1, location.
The geographical coordinates of Hong Kong are east longitude 1 14 15' and north latitude 22 15'. It is located along the coast of South China, east of the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong Province, China, and consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, inland areas of the New Territories and 262 islands (outlying islands). Hong Kong borders Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province in the north and Wanshan Islands, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province in the south. Hong Kong faces Macau across the sea in the west, with a distance of 6 1 km, Guangzhou 130 km in the north and Shanghai 1200 km in the north.
The areas of the three major parts of Hong Kong are: Hong Kong Island is about 8 1 square kilometer; Kowloon Peninsula is about 47 square kilometers; The New Territories and 262 outlying islands are about 976 square kilometers. Hong Kong has a total jurisdiction area of 2,755.03 square kilometers, including land area 1 104.32 square kilometers and water area 1650.64 square kilometers. ?
2. Terrain.
The topography of Hong Kong is dominated by hills, and the highest point is Tai Mo Shan, which is 958 meters above sea level. There are not many flat lands in Hong Kong, about 20% of which belong to lowlands, mainly concentrated in the northern New Territories, namely Yuen Long Plain and Fanling Lowland, which are alluvial plains naturally formed by rivers. Secondly, the reclaimed land located in the Kowloon Peninsula and the northern part of Hong Kong Island expanded from the original narrow flat land. Although it is customary to take one from Hong Kong Island, the largest island in Hong Kong is Lantau Island, which is more than twice the size of Hong Kong Island.
3. Climate.
Hong Kong has a subtropical climate, with a high annual temperature, with an average annual temperature of 22.8℃. Summer is hot and humid, and the temperature is around 27~33℃. It is cool and dry in winter, but it rarely drops below 5℃. It is rainy from May to September, and sometimes it rains heavily. There are typhoons from time to time between summer and autumn. There are many typhoons in Hong Kong from July to September, but tropical cyclones with different intensities may strike from May to165438+1October. In the western North Pacific, East China Sea and South China Sea, an average of 30 tropical cyclones are formed every year, half of which reach typhoon intensity, and the highest wind speed is above118 km/h. The average annual rainfall in Hong Kong is 22 14.3mm, with the highest rainfall in August and the lowest rainfall in 65438+ 10. In addition, the high-rise buildings in the urban area of Hong Kong are concentrated and densely populated, and the microclimate formed is easy to produce the heat island effect, which leads to the obvious temperature difference between the urban area and the suburbs. It is difficult to blow away the "suspended particles" in the air in the urban areas with high-rise buildings.
4. Water supply system.
Hong Kong is in a humid subtropical environment with abundant runoff and developed surface water system. But the water system is limited and there are no big rivers. Besides Shenzhen River, which is the boundary river between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, there are mainly Chengmen River, Wutong River, Lincun River, Yuen Long River and Jintian River. Most rivers are less than 5 miles in length, and the velocity and discharge are closely related to seasonal rainfall, which is extremely unstable in the middle of the year. It is difficult to maintain the flow or cut off the flow in dry season, and the riverbed is exposed or partially exposed. In the rainy season, it is easy to reach the full bank water level and flood. Shenzhen River originates from Niuweiling in Wutongshan, flows into Shenzhen Bay from northeast to southwest, and leaves Lingdingyang. The total length is 37 kilometers, and the drainage area is 3 12.5㎞? Which side of Shenzhen is 187.5㎞? , Hong Kong is 125㎞? . Wutong River is the main tributary of Shenzhen River.