Curriculum standard self-study, 1 min
Understand the performance of highly developed farming economy in the heyday of Ming and Qing Dynasties, grasp the conditions, performance, characteristics and reasons for the slow development of capitalism in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and realize that China's backwardness in the world is the result of the rulers' policy of attaching importance to agriculture, restraining commerce and closing the country.
Self-study key and difficult points, 1 min.
Emphasis: On the basis of highly developed farming economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the seeds of capitalist production factors appeared.
Difficulties: Why can't the capitalist relations of production be transformed into a capitalist society like the West?
Knowledge structure
Overall impression: the agricultural economy is highly developed, capitalism is budding, commerce is suppressed, and the sea is banned.
The world is leading, closed and backward.
On the basis of the rapid development of agricultural economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties, a new production relationship sprouted in China. However, the policy of closing the sea and restraining business hindered its development, and China gradually lost its leading position in the world, falling behind the world trend, and finally became the target of aggression by the great powers.
Autonomous learning
First, the agricultural economy is highly developed (it is estimated that it takes 10 minutes to study the following questions independently) (sketch textbook memory)
Material 1:
Grain yield per mu in past dynasties in China
Source: Wu Hui's Study on Grain Yield per mu in China in Past Dynasties, and Agricultural Publishing House's Main Economic Distribution Map in Ming Dynasty.
Material 2: As far as I know, in eastern Zhejiang, southern Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, as well as Jiangxi and Anhui, more than half of the fields are replanted. Recently, I heard that the two lakes and Sichuan are also growing here.
-Li (Qing Daoguang)
Material 3: Jinan, Shandong, "The goods from afar arrive, and the rich compete for market profits."
-"Wen Ming Qi Shang" Volume 24 cited Wang Weizhen's "Preface of Jinan Prefecture to Jun"
Explore and read the above materials, P26-27 materials and three pictures, and classify and summarize the performance of highly developed farming economy.
Through the analysis and summary of historical materials, students can master the performance of the high development of farming economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Performance: Agriculture: (1) The area of cultivated land has expanded. (2) Double cropping rice has been popularized. (3) Introduction and popularization of high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato. (4) Planting and promotion of cash crops such as cotton.
Handicraft industry: Private handicraft industry is dominant.
Commercial and urban aspects: (1) Commodity circulation has expanded, silver is widely used, and commercial capital is active. (2) There is a special distribution center for handicrafts and raw materials. (3) The rise of industrial and commercial towns.
The comprehensive national strength of Ming and Qing dynasties maintained a leading position in the world.
Second, the germination of capitalist production factors.
Material 1: ... A big family makes a living by weaving, and a small family makes a living by weaving ... Listening to a big family's call for weaving, getting a share of money every day is a reward. Large families give up as long as they don't knit, while small families make a living for a long time without knitting.
── Jiang Yihua's Miscellanies of West Taiwan.
Material 2: In Ming Dynasty, there was no gathering in Wanli, Jiangsu and Fujian, and most of them lived on silk weaving. Half of the cities in the northeast are computer users, and the east of the county is studying computer industry. ..... Artisans have their own specialties, and craftsmen have their own masters, which are priced by the day. If there is his reason, he will call a master without a master to replace him. Those who have no owners will build bridges at dawn.
-Suzhou County Records
Material 3: (Early Qing Dynasty) Suzhou machine shop hired more people to weave. The owner invests in business and the mechanic's work is valued, so there is no objection to each other.
-"Never forbid a mechanic to call Xie Bei"
Material 4: the owners of two completely different commodities must be antagonistic and connected; On the one hand, it is the owners of money, means of production and means of subsistence, who want to buy other people's labor to increase their total value; On the other hand, they are free workers and sellers of their own labor.
-Capital Theory
Material 1 3 What new phenomena have appeared in Suzhou's silk weaving industry? Please use these four materials to prove your point.
New phenomenon: capitalist factors of production sprout.
It is proved that "large families make a living by weaving" and rely on the funds and means of production in their hands to buy labor, exploit and increase wealth; "Small families weave for a living", "big families give up if they don't knit for a day, and small families lose their stomachs if they don't knit for a day", which shows that craftsmen are completely out of the land and have lost any means of production, so they can only make a living by being hired to sell their labor. "No owners will build a bridge at dawn", "Listen to the words of big families" and "A hundred schools of thought contend" indicate that the local labor market has been formed. The owner hired craftsmen to pay by the day, and the employment relationship has been formed. The owners of capital, means of production and means of subsistence (machine owners) and free workers (machine workers) who sell labor meet in the market, resulting in the germination of capitalist factors of production.
Read the text under this box in the textbook, answer and remember the following questions (5 minutes)
What are the basic elements of the germination of capitalism? What are the basic characteristics? What is the specific embodiment?
Elements: ① Used to purchase and increase the production of goods; (2) Free workers who sell their labor;
(3) the management form of workshop handicraft industry.
Features:
Performance: ① Silk weaving industry in Suzhou in the middle and late Ming Dynasty; (2) Handicraft workshop, porcelain production in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.
How does Suzhou silk industry show the bud of capitalist production relations? ※?
Third, the obstacles that hinder the growth of new economic factors
Yongzheng plough weaving map
According to Material 2, how does Yong Zhengdi view the relationship between agriculture, industry and commerce? What is the basis?
Relationship: Agriculture is the basis of business, and emphasizing agriculture is to restrain business.
Basis: He believes that agriculture provides food for people's lives, which is industry; In the case of a large population and a small land, it is even more necessary to drive the people back to agriculture in order to enrich the people and secure the country. Industry and commerce can't produce food and can't compete with agriculture for labor.
Read the text on pages 28-29, sketch and remember the following questions by yourself. Check in six minutes.
First, emphasize agriculture and restrain business: 1. List the factors that hindered the growth of new economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties?
① ; ② ; ③ 。
2. What measures did the Qing rulers take to emphasize agriculture and restrain commerce?
Health: restricting business, compulsory apportionment, low-cost acquisition, and exorbitant tax exploitation.
Second, the sea ban: Why did the Qing rulers implement the sea ban policy? What is the specific performance of the sea ban policy? Is it a total ban? What's the impact?
Reason: ① Root cause (economically): Natural economic decision.
(2) ideologically, the ruler is ignorant and arrogant.
(3) Militarily and politically: prevent foreigners and coastal people from fearing that coastal people and foreigners will form anti-Qing forces and endanger their own rule.
Performance: ship dismantling, prohibition of maritime trade, etc.
No, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the maritime ban was once opened, which lasted for 20 years (1757), and foreign trade was limited to.
Impact: Although the closed-door policy protects the natural economy from external shocks, it has a certain degree of national self-defense. But out, lost,
, opportunity.
Fourth, the crisis on the eve of modern times
Read the text on page 29-30, draw an outline by yourself, and remember the following questions. Check in seven minutes.
1. In what ways did China show crisis in the Ming and Qing Dynasties?
At the peak of China's western politics and feudal system, the bourgeois revolutionary economy and farming economy flourished, and the foreign relations of modern industrial countries changed. Overseas colonial ideology and culture despise science and technology, while cultural autocracy values science and technology. After 15 minutes of mutual discussion and explanation, the group leader sorted out the answers of this group and sent someone to express them. 10 minute inspection result
Material 1 (┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈9480 Besides scholars, agriculture is the most expensive. All businessmen and businessmen depend on agriculture, so agriculture serves the world, and workers and businessmen are the last. Playing with clothes today, trying to be elegant, will definitely use more craftsmen. People who work more in the market plant less crops in the fields.
-Guangxu's Biography of the Hall of Hui in the Qing Dynasty
Material 2 The Ming Dynasty followed the Ming system, and the number of money gates increased greatly, with 26 customs and 5 industries. All customs officials made excuses to confiscate the goods on the grounds that the merchants violated the rules. Under such a heavy tax, "businessmen go through fire and water when they see officials."
-Peng Yuxin's Economic History of Feudal Society in China.
Material 3 (as people said in Qianlong) Recently, wealthy businessmen and tycoons, relying on their own heavy capital, sold more fields, or several hectares, or hundreds of hectares.
-Li Wenzhi "China modern agricultural history data", the first series.
Please answer:
(1) How does Yong Zhengdi view the relationship between agriculture, industry and commerce? What is his basis?
1)a, emphasizing cost and restraining wood; B agriculture provides food for the four people, which is industry; Industry and commerce cannot produce food and compete with agriculture for labor;
2) What social phenomena did Materials 2 and 3 reveal? What impact will this phenomenon have on social and economic development?
(2) The A Qing government has set up checkpoints extensively, and illegal officials have imposed heavy taxes on businessmen under the pretext; A large amount of commercial capital is invested in land.
B, aggravated land annexation to some extent; Affected the circulation of agricultural products and handicrafts; It affects the accumulation of commercial capital, which is not conducive to the expansion of handicraft production scale and hinders the development of capitalism.
Standard test
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's ancient economic development was in a stage of connecting the past with the future. Combine what you have learned and answer the following questions:
(1) During the heyday of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the feudal economy was highly prosperous. What are the specific aspects?
(2) What new phenomena have appeared in China's ancient economic field since the middle of Ming Dynasty? What was the result?
(3) What are the specific reasons for the relatively sluggish economic development in China on the eve of modern times? What influence did it have on modern China?
The first set of pictures:
Figure 1 Emperor Qianlong Figure 2 Early British Parliament
The second set of pictures:
Figure 3 China traditional loom Figure 4 Jenny spinning machine
The third group of pictures:
Figure 5: The scene of an old private school Figure 6: Encyclopedia is debating.
The fourth group of pictures:
Figure 7 Guangzhou Thirteen Lines Overlooking Figure 8 Business Station of Dutch East India Company
Teachers and students summed up the unfavorable factors affecting the budding development of Chinese capitalism: the closed and stubborn nature of the natural economy made the domestic market narrow; The policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce has inhibited the development of commerce and handicrafts; The closed-door policy has hindered the formation of overseas markets; Farmers are extremely poor and have low purchasing power; Capital flows to land, affecting capital accumulation; The influence of traditional ideas and customs; Natural science and technology have not been transformed into productive forces.