Xia dynasty (2 1 century-BC16th century) was the first slavery dynasty in the history of China. The * * * in Xia Dynasty has been passed down for fourteen generations, and it lasted about 47 1 year after the seventeenth. The establishment of the Xia Dynasty began in Yu. Yu's father Chongbogun is the leader of Songshan tribe on the south bank of Xiongda River. Shi Chong and Gong Shi, both tribes with rich experience in water control, are located at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain on the Hebei coast. In the period of Yao and Shun, in order to compete for the kingship, Gun and Gong * * * successively launched fierce struggles with Yao and Shun, all of which ended in failure. Later, Yu continued to unite with many tribes such as Gong * * and gradually carried out water control work in Iraq, Luoyang, Henan, Hebei and other places. Yu took over the position of Gun, abandoned the general plan of Gun "blocking" water control, and changed to dredging, that is, dredging the river in the highland according to the height of the terrain, so as to reduce the flood in the fertile plain. After treatment, most of the residents in the high-lying areas along the Great Plains moved to the relatively low-lying Yuan Ye to cultivate those fertile land. Those lush vegetation and animal breeding areas have become places where people are willing to settle down. The remarkable improvement of social productive forces provided the necessary economic foundation for the establishment of a slave country.

Cause of extinction:

1, internal productivity declines;

2. The external environment is unstable for a long time;

3. The concept of the ruling class in Xia Dynasty;

4. Personal factors of "Jie" in summer (indulging in debauchery all day, building great projects and getting close to the people)

Shang Dynasty (about16th century-1 1 century) is the second hereditary dynasty era in China history after Xia Dynasty. The tribal leaders of the Xia Dynasty vassal States were sealed in the Shang Dynasty, so his descendant Shang Tang led the vassal States to destroy Xia Hou in the Ming Dynasty and called the dynasty he established "Shang"; To Pan Geng, and moved the capital to Yin, so the Shang Dynasty is also called "Yin". After 17 generations of 3 1 kings (***5 10 years), the last king Shang Zhouwang was defeated by Zhou Wuwang in the battle of Makino and died.

Cause of extinction:

1. In the late Shang Dynasty, most slave owners and nobles lived a luxurious and decadent life and treated slaves very cruelly. Such as human sacrifice, human sacrifice;

2. The exploitation and enslavement of civilians and slaves by slave owners and nobles are increasing day by day, and class contradictions are intensifying day by day;

3. The rulers of Shang Dynasty waged wars against foreign countries year after year, and used soldiers against foreigners on a large scale. Almost all the young and middle-aged people in China have been recruited, which has aggravated domestic contradictions.

There were too many slaves captured in the war, and he didn't deal with the resettlement of slaves, which led to a large number of slaves rebelling.

Zhou Dynasty is a hereditary dynasty in the history of China after Shang Dynasty, which is divided into two periods: Western Zhou (BC 1046- BC 77 1) and Eastern Zhou (BC 770- BC 256). The Western Zhou Dynasty was founded by Ji Fa, Zhou Wuwang, with Haojiang and Fengjing as its capitals, and Luoyi was built during the reign of the king. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Pingwang and Ji Yijiu moved from Haojiang to Luoyi, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, also known as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period (Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong, Chu Zhuangwang and He Lv) and the Warring States Period (Qi, Chu, Yan, Wei, Han, Zhao and Qin). The existence time of the Zhou Dynasty was about from 1 1 century to 256 years ago, and * * * spread to 37 kings in 30 generations, about 79 1 year.

Cause of extinction:

1, earthquake, drought and other natural disasters have caused great losses to people's lives and property, and also made the crisis in the Western Zhou Dynasty worse.

2. Zhou Liwang's extortion intensifies the exploitation of working people; It spread to Zhou Youwang, which destroyed the patriarchal clan system, and the vassals lost their trust in him by "establishing concubines after the abolition, and establishing Shu Ren after the abolition" and "playing vassals with fire".

3. With the decline of the royal family, the relationship between the vassal States and the royal power of the Zhou Dynasty gradually alienated;

4. Ethnic dogs attacked Haojing, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.

5. The enfeoffment system made Zhou's power empty, and even became a puppet after moving eastward;

6. The patriarchal clan system of Zhou Dynasty was destroyed, and the influence of local governors was increasing day by day; And under the banner of the royal family, "support the emperor and make the princes" and constantly develop their own power.

The Qin Dynasty (2265438 BC+0-206 BC) was the first feudal dynasty in the history of China, which developed from the Qin State at the end of the Warring States Period. It ended the 500-year-old separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and became the first unified and centralized country in China history with the Han nationality as the main body and multi-ethnic integration. Qinyuan was a vassal state of the Zhou Dynasty, and its ancestor Boyi had assisted Dayu in water control, and was given a surname of Won by Shun Di. The concubine, a descendant of Boyi, once raised horses for Zhou, and with his skill, horses multiplied quickly. Zhou later enfeoffed Qin Valley (now southwest of Tianshui City, Gansu Province) to him, which is the origin of Qin State. 770 years ago, Qin Xianggong was made a vassal for escorting Zhou Pingwang to Luoyi. The State of Qin began to establish a state and occupied the territory of the Eastern Zhou royal family in Guanzhong. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin Mugong appointed Bai Xixi of Yu State as Prime Minister, assisted him as a virtuous minister, established great national prestige, expanded westward and dominated Xirong. However, Qin Xiaogong began to use the policy of "business whip reform", giving up mining fields, emphasizing farming and mulberry, rewarding military achievements, and implementing the unified measurement, which laid a solid foundation for the later reunification of China. Historical records record that "after ten years of travel, Qin people are happy, the road is not left, there are no thieves in the mountains, and the family is enough." People are brave in public war, afraid of private struggle, and township governance. "Ying Zheng, the late King of Qin, destroyed the six Kanto countries and completed national reunification. Then attack the Huns in the north and take Baiyue in the south. It created the emperor system, the central official system represented by three officials and nine officials, and the county system, completely broke the Shi Qing Shi Lu system since the Western Zhou Dynasty, safeguarded national unity, and strengthened the central government's control over local governments. Pay attention to the micro number "sea, tourism, people"

Cause of extinction:

1. After reunification, the people have no rest, and the corvee, military service and tax burden are heavy;

2. Policies and laws have not been adjusted in time, and criminal law remains cruel under peaceful governance;

3. Due to the failure of government operation and the lack of local power, a group of outlaws like Chen Guang can also capture osawa Township;

4. The restoration power of the descendants of the nobles in the former six countries is too strong, and Qin Ershi's personal ability and quality are limited;

5. When the uprisings are surging everywhere, the rulers are still busy with the court struggle; In the end, the internal rule of the Qin Dynasty was divided and the initiative of counterinsurgency was completely lost.

During the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD), Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty (Chang 'an as its capital) and Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty (Luoyang as its capital), which was a powerful unified empire after the Qin Dynasty. Because the emperor's surname is Liu, it is also called "Liu Han". In the Han Dynasty, from Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang to Liu Jingqi, the economic strength rose slowly and became the largest empire in the world. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty had become the most powerful dynasty in the world. Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu in the desert thousands of miles away, and the wolf was sealed in a professional place, as far away as Lake Baikal in Russia today. The Xiongnu Empire was defeated and fled to the west. The powers in Central Asia and the Western Regions are also frightened. Zhang Qian went out to the western regions, surrendered to Dawan, a big country in Central Asia, and surrendered to the western regions. It opened up the famous Silk Road for the first time, and opened up a vast territory of "desert in the north, green mountains in the west, Korea in the east and sea in the south", which was revived again during the Zhao Xuan period. In 9 AD, Wang Mang usurped power and the Western Han Dynasty ended. In 25 years, Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, established the Eastern Han Dynasty, and made Luoyang its capital. Created the revival of Guangwu and Zhang Ming. During the Han Dynasty, many people listed the Han Dynasty and the Peace Treaty as the most advanced civilization and powerful empire in the world at that time. At the peak of its territory, it was due north to Wuyuan County and Shuofang County, south to Rinan County, east to Lintun County and west to Congling. During the reign of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty (the first year of AD), the population of the whole country reached about 60 million, and the culture was unified. There were "the rule of culture and scenery", "the prosperity of Hanwu", "the prosperity of Guangwu" and "the rule of Ming Dynasty" in the Han Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the social development of the Chinese nation for two thousand years and made great contributions to the continuation and standing of Chinese civilization. Therefore, the Huaxia nationality is gradually called "Han nationality". In 220, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty perished.

Cause of extinction:

1, consorts and eunuchs expand their power, form their own interest groups, and fight endlessly;

2, there are too many doll emperors (the emperor is young, it is inevitable that the queen mother will come to the DPRK and rely on her consorts to take power);

3. Land annexation (privatization) is serious, and a large number of farmers have lost their land;

4. The landlord was powerful, and later formed local separatist forces;

5. The Yellow Scarf Uprising led to the rise of local armed forces and the loss of control of the central government.

Wei and Jin Dynasties (220-266) are world events, which must be combined after a long time. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and Cao Cao's power gradually increased in the melee of warlords, controlling the court of the Eastern Han Dynasty and laying the foundation for the establishment of Cao Wei. In the first year of Yankang (220), after Cao Cao died in Luoyang, Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, forced Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate and usurp the Han regime, proclaimed himself emperor in Xuchang, moved the capital to Luoyang and built Wei. In the second year of Emperor Xianxi (265), he usurped Wei, changed his title to Jin, and Cao Wei perished.

Cause of extinction:

1, the new Wei dynasty changed too fast, and it was too small to control the nobility in the later period;

2. The imperial clan's power was excessively weakened, and the generals with foreign surnames took the lead. When they seized power, Cao Wei's royal family had no foreign aid.

Sima Yi lived too long, and the powerful Sima family rose without checks and balances.

Jin Dynasty (265-420) is one of the nine unified dynasties in the history of China, which is divided into two periods: the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is a link between the Three Kingdoms and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and belongs to one of the Six Dynasties (from the Three Kingdoms to the southern Sui Dynasty in the history of China). In 265, Sima Yan proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Jin (265-3 16) and Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 280, Dongwu was destroyed and unified. Then there was the "Eight Kings Rebellion" which lasted for 16 years. After the Yongjia Rebellion, Di Chin moved the capital to Chang 'an, which made the ethnic minorities take advantage of it and established sixteen countries. Three years later, Liu Yuan, the Xiongnu leader, conquered Chang 'an and captured Di Chin alive. He was destroyed in the Western Jin Dynasty in 3 16, and was known as "in the Five Chaos". In 3 17, Jinshi moved south, Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jianye (3 17-420), and the Eastern Jin Dynasty made many northern expeditions. In 383, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was temporarily consolidated after the war with the former Qin Dynasty. During the Jin Dynasty, ethnic minorities moved to the Central Plains, which strengthened national integration, and northerners moved south, developing the Jiangnan area. The Jin Dynasty lasted 156 years. In 420, Emperor Wu of Song established the Song Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty perished.

Cause of extinction:

1, the ruling group is decadent, the political system is backward, and the power is decentralized;

2. Idiot Jin Huidi can't control the overall situation, which leads to infighting among the powerful factions of the court, the chaos of the eight kings, and the exhaustion of national strength;

3. Failure to properly handle ethnic contradictions has led to the invasion of ethnic minorities.

The Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-AD 589) was a split period in the history of China, which began in AD 420 when Emperor Wudi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established the Southern Song Dynasty and ended in the Sui Dynasty in AD 589. In this period, the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Countries of Wuhu refer to Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di and Qiang. Sixteen countries refer to former Zhao (Xiongnu), later Zhao (Jie), former Liang (Han), later Liang (Bi), southern Liang (Xianbei), northern Liang (Xiongnu), western Liang (Han), former Qin (Bi), later Qin (Qiang) and western Qin (Xianbei). The Southern Dynasty (AD 420-AD 589) included the change of four regimes, namely, Southern Qi, Southern Qi and Chen. However, during this period, the capital of the Southern Dynasty was built in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) except for the three years when Emperor Liang Yuan made Jiangling his capital. Liu Song (420-479) is one of the largest, strongest and longest-lived regimes in China, which lasted for 60 years after four generations and eight emperors. Nanqi (479-502) only had a short period of 24 years. However, due to frequent wars and killings, it experienced three generations and seven emperors, and changed an emperor every three years on average, which was a very rapid change of emperors in China history. Xiao Liang (502-557) lived for three generations and four emperors for 56 years, among which Xiao Yan, the fifth emperor, enjoyed the country for the longest time, nearly half a century. Chen (557-589) reigned for 33 years and experienced three generations and five emperors. The disadvantages of Chen Cheng's decline are its narrow territory, weak population and weak power. In addition, the rulers were extremely corrupt and eventually died at the hands of powerful enemies in the north. The Northern Dynasties (439-589 AD) included the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Five Dynasties. The Northern Dynasty is the general name of the northern dynasties that coexisted with the Southern Dynasties in Chinese history, including the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou. Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou were all founded by Xianbei people, while Northern Qi was founded by Han people in Hu Hua. In the early Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was clan politics. Social strata are divided into clans, people, families and slaves, and their foreign exchanges are also very prosperous, reaching Japan and the Korean Peninsula in the east, the western regions, Central Asia and West Asia (Elam Chaher) in the west, and Southeast Asia and India in the south. Pay attention to the micro number "sea, tourism, people"

Cause of extinction:

(Southern Dynasties)

1, the power of the gate valve is fragmented, and the friction between the gate valve and the imperial power is constant;

2. Constantly harassed by external forces, the economy has been hit, and the regime is not very strong;

3. Some emperors are fatuous and cruel, and they are dissolute, arousing the resistance of local generals;

(Northern Dynasty)

1 and the rebellion of six towns (noble generals in the northern Wei Dynasty) caused fierce struggles among people of all ethnic groups.

2. Land annexation has seriously triggered social contradictions and shaken the foundation of the country (Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties);

3. The powerful ministers were too powerful for the young emperors (Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties) to control.

Sui Dynasty (58 1-6 18) is an important dynasty in the history of China, which inherited the Southern and Northern Dynasties and started the Tang Dynasty. Sui Dynasty was a unified dynasty re-established by the northern Han nationality after the Five Rebellions in China, ending the nearly 300-year-long division since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. Historians usually call it the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Sui Dynasty originated in 58 1 year. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty sat in meditation, and the Sui Dynasty was established by Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 6 19, Emperor Yangdi You Yang abdicated Li Yuan, and the Sui Dynasty perished, which lasted for 38 years. In 58 1 year, Emperor Jingdi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty abdicated to Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty died, and Yang Wen took the title of Sui Dynasty. In the political system, the Sui Dynasty established the system of three provinces and six departments, and formulated a complete imperial examination system, which weakened the clan's ability to monopolize official positions. In addition, the system of deliberation, supervision and performance appraisal in the government affairs hall was established, which strengthened the government affairs mechanism and profoundly influenced the political system of the Tang Dynasty and later generations. Militarily, continue to promote and reform the system of officers and men; Economically, the implementation of land equalization system and tenancy adjustment system has reduced the production pressure of farmers, and on the other hand, measures have been taken to clear the poor household registration and increase fiscal revenue. These policies contributed to the reign of Emperor Kai in the early Sui Dynasty. In order to consolidate the development of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi and Yang Di built the world-famous Grand Canal and the Equator during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and established Daxing City (now Xi 'an) and the East Capital (Luoyang). In terms of diplomacy, the prosperity of the Sui Dynasty also made Gaochang, Japan, Koguryo, Silla, Baekje and their subordinate East Turks all influenced by the culture and laws of the Sui Dynasty, among which the most famous diplomatic exchange was the Japanese envoy to the Sui Dynasty.

Cause of extinction:

1, under the unified surface, various separatist forces are surging, and the ruling foundation is very unstable;

2. The gate was dissatisfied with the imperial examination system and colluded with the evil forces in Chou He to fight against the imperial power;

3. Yang Di's personal factors: great ambition, arrogance, extravagance and waste, abuse of power; However, the imperial examination, the construction of the East Capital, the construction of the Equator, the construction of canals and the expropriation of Korea are all contemporary hardships and will make great contributions in the future.

The Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) was one of the dynasties with the longest unification time and the strongest national strength in China feudal society. 6 18 was founded by Li Yuan, and its capital is Chang 'an (Jin 'an). Luoyang in the east and Taiyuan in the north. In 627, after Li Shimin ascended the throne, he initiated the "Zhenguan Rule". After Tang Gaozong, Wu Zetian was named Wu Zhou in the Zhou Dynasty after the Tang Dynasty, and recovered the title of Datang after the Dragon Revolution in 705. After Li Longji ascended the throne, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was politically clear, economically powerful and militarily powerful, and all ethnic groups came to the DPRK in succession, creating a prosperous "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng". After the Anshi Rebellion, the national strength gradually declined. Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty in 907, and the Tang Dynasty perished. Since then, China has entered the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (the Five Dynasties refer to Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou, and the Ten Kingdoms refer to Qianshu, Houshu, Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Southern Han, Jingnan and Northern Han). The Tang Dynasty lasted 274 years (including 289 years in five states) and had 20 emperors. The fame of the Tang Dynasty spread far and wide overseas, and it had contacts with countries in South Asia, West Asia and Europe. After the Tang Dynasty, China was called "the Tang people" overseas. The culture of the Tang Dynasty is eclectic, accepting all ethnic groups and religions, exchanging and integrating, and becoming an open international culture. Tang poetry, science and technology, culture and art are extremely prosperous and have the characteristics of diversification.

Cause of extinction:

1, continuous border incidents (such as Anshi Rebellion, Annan Rebellion, Tubo invasion, etc.). ), as well as the separatist regime of the buffer region;

2, eunuch authoritarian (such as Li, etc. ), party struggle internal friction (such as Niu Li party struggle);

Successive years of war severely weakened the ruling power of the Tang Dynasty, hindered economic development, and triggered peasant uprising and foreign invasion.

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) is essentially a continuation of the separatist regime in the Tang Dynasty and the politics in the late Tang Dynasty. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, each buffer region became an independent country. Among them, the buffer region with strong military strength in the north was the Five Dynasties, and some of them were established by the Shatuo nationality. Although these five countries are powerful, they are unable to control the whole of China, and they are just a court of buffer region type. Other separatist regions have some independent emperors, and some have five generations of suzerain countries. Among them, ten countries with a long history and strong national strength are collectively called the Ten Countries. During this period, the local power factions often rebelled and seized positions, which made the war protracted and the rulers emphasized military power. The civil strife in China also brought the opportunity for the Khitan State to invade the south, and the Liao State was established. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is an important period in the history of China, during which Hexi and Jiaotoe gradually separated, and Jiaotoe (Viet Nam) finally became independent from China. There are three dynasties in the Five Dynasties: Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan and Houfriday. In 907 AD, Zhu Wen of Bianzhou usurped the Tang Dynasty to establish Hou Liang, which was the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Li, the son of Li Keyong in Taiyuan, destroyed the back beams and established the post-Tang Kingdom. The five emperors after the late Tang Dynasty were all descendants and subordinates of Li Keyong. After expansion and rectification, Mingzong in the later Tang Dynasty became strong in national strength. However, after the civil strife, Shi Jingtang led the Khitan army to attack and destroy, and the latter was established. Soon the relationship between Qi and Jin deteriorated, and the Qidan army went south to destroy the latter Jin and establish the Liao Dynasty. At the same time, Liu Zhiyuan established the later Han Dynasty in Taiyuan and recovered the Central Plains. After Guo Wei usurped the post-Han Dynasty and established the post-Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Shizong and Chai Rong painstakingly managed it, which made the hope of unifying the whole country in the post-Zhou Dynasty dim, but Chai Rong died unfortunately when he was in the northern expedition to sixteen states. The following Zhou Dynasty was usurped by Zhao Kuangyin, and the Five Dynasties ended. During the Five Dynasties, there were ten separatist regimes outside the Central Plains, namely, pre-Shu, post-Shu, Wu, Southern Tang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Southern Han, Jingnan and Northern Han, which were collectively called the Ten Kingdoms. After Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin established the Northern Song Dynasty, they and their younger brothers Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi successively eliminated heroes. In 979, Zhao Guangyi wiped out the Northern Han Dynasty and achieved reunification.

Cause of extinction:

1, the power of the buffer region is still strong, and the new regime can't control it, so that civil strife and war continue;

2. Many monarchs are fatuous and promiscuous, cruel and arrogant, lax in military affairs, and corrupt officials oppress the people;

3. The powerful ministers colluded with foreign countries for insurrection, and foreign countries retaliated against the Central Plains for looting and killing;

There are too many regimes, heavy taxes, frequent wars, and serious damage to social order and economic foundation.

Song Dynasty (960- 1279) is an era in the history of China, which is divided into Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the later Zhou Dynasty, was awarded the yellow robe to establish the Song Dynasty. Song Zhenzong and Song Renzong entered a period of prosperity. In order to avoid the separatist regime and eunuch chaos since the late Tang Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty adopted a policy of valuing literature over martial arts. On the one hand, they were weak militarily. Hui Di and Qin Emperor were captured by the Jin people in 1 127, forcing the Song Dynasty to move south. 1 127 The shame of Jingkang, the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. After the change of Jingkang, Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou hastily ascended the throne in Nanjing, Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu) and succeeded to the throne. Later, with Lin 'an Prefecture (Hangzhou) as its capital, it moved south and rebuilt the Song Dynasty, which is known as the Southern Song Dynasty. In the late period of the anti-Mongolian war, the Yuan Army occupied Lin 'an on 1276. 1279, the 8-year-old emperor Zhao Min jumped into the sea and died. After the Hanshan naval battle, the Song Dynasty was completely destroyed. Some scholars think that the demise of Song Dynasty is "no China after Cliff Mountain". Song Dynasty was the most prosperous era of economic, cultural, educational and scientific innovation in the ancient history of China. During the Song Dynasty, China's GDP accounted for 60% of the world, ranking first in all previous dynasties. During this period, Neo-Confucianism rose, science and technology advanced by leaps and bounds, and politics became more open and honest. In the four years of Daguan (110), the population was1012.75 million. There are not a few western and Japanese historians who believe that the Song Dynasty was the Renaissance and economic revolution in China's history. Song Dynasty was the golden age in China's history. Pay attention to the micro number "sea, tourism, people"

Cause of extinction:

1, the policy of controlling arms with literature has caused mutual restraint within the military, frequent restrictions and many shortcomings;

2. The "Sixteen States" ceded by Shi Jingtang in the late Jin Dynasty lost the natural barrier of the Han nationality and could not resist foreign cavalry;

3. Lian Jin's decision-making mistakes in resisting Liao and Lian Meng's resistance to Jin only saw the strength of Liao (Jin) and did not see the threat of Jin (Meng);

4. The military ignorance, incompetence and inaction of the ruling class led to the failure of Kaifeng's defense war;

5. The emperor is fatuous, the political affairs are corrupt, the political infighting is serious, the military expenditure is large, and the people are overwhelmed.

The Yuan Dynasty (127 1- 1368) was founded by Mongols, and it was the first unified empire established by ethnic minorities in the history of China. Its capital is mostly (now Beijing). 1206 Temujin established the Mongolian khanate. 1260, Kublai Khan ascended the throne, and established "United China". 127 1 year, Kublai Khan changed the title of the country to yuan according to the meaning of "great zai" in the Book of Changes. 1279 Destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified China. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty is unprecedented, extending from the North Sea to the East and the Sea of Japan. Tibet and Taiwan Province Province were incorporated into Chinese territory for the first time. The Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system, set up provincial secretariat in the central government, controlled the prime minister, and managed government affairs safely. This resulted in the autocratic power of the prime minister and frequent civil strife. The provincial system is the first in China. Commodity economy and overseas trade are more prosperous. During this period, Yuan Qu, Sanqu and other cultural forms appeared. Its overall productivity is not as good as that of the Song Dynasty. In the later period, farmers revolted because of ruling corruption and national oppression. 1368, the Ming army captured Dadu, and the Yuan Dynasty's rule in the whole country ended. The Yuan regime retreated to the desert and was called the Northern Yuan. 1402 Chen Yuangui Li Chi usurped the throne, established Tatar, and died in the Northern Yuan Dynasty.

Cause of extinction:

1, aristocratic life erosion, official corruption, government credit bankruptcy, serious land merger;

2. Unequal ethnic hierarchy and severe oppression and bullying of the people;

3. The fiscal deficit remains high, taxes are too heavy, and natural disasters are serious;

4, managers do not pay attention to learning, will only use force to fight the country.

The Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644) was the last unified feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in the history of China. After 12 emperor 16 emperor, the country lasted for 276 years. Fifty years after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty became increasingly cruel and dark, and finally a peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang took part in the Red Scarf Army led by Guo Zixing, then Grand Marshal of Haozhou. After years of fighting in the south and the north, 1364, Zhu Yuanzhang called himself the King of Wu, and was known as the Western Wu regime in history. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, with Yingtianfu (Nanjing) as the capital and Daming as the title. In the early Ming Dynasty, it was decided that the capital should be Tianfu, 142 1 moved to Shuntianfu, but Yingtianfu was renamed Nanjing. In the early Ming Dynasty, after Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, was in power, the national strength developed rapidly. By the time the Ming Dynasty became a ancestor, the national strength was strong, and all ethnic groups came to Korea, which was known as Yongle Shi Sheng in history. Later, the periods of Emperor Renzong and Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty were still in their heyday, which was called the reign of Ren Xuan in history, and their national strength reached its peak and their territory was vast. In the middle and late period, due to political corruption, national strength declined. 1644, Li Zicheng went to Beijing, Ming hanged himself in Jingshan Park, and Ming died. Subsequently, Manchu entered the Central Plains, and Emperor Zhu Youlang was killed in 1662. 1683, the Qing army occupied Taiwan Province province, and Zheng Ming ended. In Ming Dynasty, commodity economy developed, commercial market towns and capitalism sprouted. Culture and art show the trend of secularization. The Ming Dynasty was the golden age of China after Zhou, Han and Tang Dynasties, which was called "Governing Tang and Song Dynasties" and "Far Han and Tang Dynasties" in history. Daming, without the affinity of Han and Tang dynasties and the coins of Song Dynasty, was admired by later generations because the emperor ruled the country and the monarch died.

Cause of extinction:

1, the civil service group expanded, the power was too large, and the eunuch dictatorship endangered the rule in the later period;

2. Foreign enemies continue to harass, and the government increases military spending, resulting in a financial and economic crisis;

3. In the embryonic period of capitalism, the government did not attach importance to the development of industry and commerce, which greatly restricted the circulation of commodity money;

4. Natural disasters and man-made disasters have occurred one after another, resulting in a large increase in refugees, and the peasant uprising has continuously affected stability;

5. Wu Sangui led the Qing soldiers into the customs, destroyed the Great Wall, and helped the Qing Dynasty clean up the ready-made mountains and rivers.

The Qing Dynasty (1644- 19 12) was the second unified political power established by ethnic minorities in the history of China and the last feudal monarchy in China. In the forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 16), Nurhachi, the leader of the Jurchen Department of Jianzhou, was called Khan after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and his title was greatly promoted, which was called "the later Jin Dynasty" in history. 1636 (the ninth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, the first year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty), Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty proclaimed himself emperor and changed his title to Qing. 1644 (the 17th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty), Dashun Army of Li Zicheng captured Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty perished. Wu Sangui, a general of the Ming Dynasty stationed in Shanhaiguan, was demoted to the Qing Dynasty, and the Regent of the Qing Dynasty, Dourgen, commanded the Qing army to enter Shanhaiguan and defeated the peasant army greatly. In the same year, the emperor shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty moved to Beijing, and the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty as the ruler of the whole country. In the 20 years after entering the customs, the Qing Dynasty eliminated the regimes of Dashun, Daxi and Nanming successively, and basically unified the whole country. In the early Qing Dynasty, a unified multi-ethnic country was consolidated, which basically laid the territory of our country, and at the same time, absolute monarchy reached its peak. 1840 after the opium war, modern times entered. The Qing court and the invaders respectively concluded a large number of unequal treaties, ceded land for compensation and opened trading ports. China's sovereignty was seriously damaged and it gradually became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. The burden on the people is heavier, and they live in dire straits. 19 1 1 year, the revolution of 1911 broke out and the Qing dynasty collapsed, ending the feudal monarchy in China for more than two thousand years. 19 12 February, the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate. In the Qing Dynasty, there were twelve emperors since the foundation of the late Jin Dynasty.

Cause of extinction:

1, political darkness and corruption, corruption (kindness) and incompetence (emperor) of the rulers themselves;

2. Closed to the outside world, backward in thought, system and technology;

3. The Qing government was weak and incompetent. In the face of the invasion of foreign powers, it only knows how to compromise and cede land for compensation.

4. The army is out of control (the new army turned against it in the domestic crisis) and its functions are reversed (the functions of the army can only be external rather than internal);

5. Under the financial deficit, the training of "never increasing taxes" has been broken again and again, and all kinds of collection and apportionment have increased;

6. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the "national advancement and civil retreat" of railways further aroused people's resentment.