Strengthening the protection and construction of rural ecological environment

□ Zhuo Jihua

The rural environmental problems in Chongqing are as worrying as the whole country, and the traditional

extensive development model has become the biggest constraint of the new rural construction to a certain extent. In particular, the unreasonable use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and agricultural films, the pollution of animals and aquaculture, rural domestic garbage and domestic sewage

water and the pollution of township enterprises not only directly threaten people's survival

environment and health, but also restrict the further development of rural economy. All these problems must be concerned and

solved.

first, the main problems of rural ecological environment in Chongqing

(a) the pollution of livestock and poultry and aquaculture is serious. According to the survey,

the scale of livestock and poultry breeding in the city is about 35.7 million pigs equivalent, of which

nearly 2 million pigs and 238 million poultry are slaughtered every year.

the annual output of livestock manure and urine is nearly 75 million tons, and the COD

(chemical oxygen demand), NH3~N (ammonia nitrogen) and TP (total phosphorus) entering the water body are

224, tons, 24,8 tons and 13,5 tons respectively, among which the pollution load of COD (chemical oxygen demand) generated by livestock manure and urine is

the same as that of the whole city.

In 25, of all the 34 monitoring items in the Yangtze River, Jialing River and Wujiang River, only three items, namely fecal coliform, petroleum and total phosphorus, exceeded the standard, of which the fecal coliform exceeded the standard rate of 9.9%, and petroleum and total phosphorus only exceeded the standard in individual sections. At present, livestock and poultry breeding pollution in Liangtan River and Huaxi River < P > has greatly exceeded the pollution load of urban domestic wastewater in these basins, which has become the main reason for the deterioration of water quality in these basins. The fish

are kept in cages and nets with fat water, which leads to the decline of water quality and exceeds the water environmental capacity in some areas.

The eutrophication of reservoirs is becoming more and more serious, which has become another important factor affecting the decline of rural environmental quality

.

(2) the pollution of pesticides and fertilizers is more prominent. A large number of pesticides, < P > chemical fertilizers are used irrationally, and agricultural wastes such as crop straws, livestock manure and waste agricultural films are polluted, which leads to the aggravation of rural agricultural non-point source pollution.

In p>24, the amount of chemical fertilizer used in the whole city was 633, tons, and the increase rate of chemical fertilizer was much higher than that of grain production. The application amount of pesticides is 2,837 tons (among which pesticides and fungicides account for 94.2%), and the use amount of agricultural film is 25,3 tons.

Among them, the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer is 22kg/ha, which is higher than the national average

, and about 2,7 tons of waste agricultural films remain in cultivated land every year. In addition, the scope of soil pollution by heavy metals has also expanded from the suburban areas to rural areas.

(C) The rural drinking water security is low. There are 1,821,1 people with safe drinking water in rural areas in the city, accounting for only 44.65% of the total drinking water population in rural areas. Excessive water quality and water pollution lead to unsafe drinking water

The total population is as high as 5,991,1 and 3.37 million, of which 32,8 people

drink high-fluorine water, 271, people drink brackish water, 1,683,9 people drink iron, manganese and hardness exceeding the standard, and 321,2 people drink sulfate exceeding the standard. There are 2,26,3 people whose water source guarantee rate is not up to standard, 2,498,3 people whose water consumption is not up to standard, 2,716,3 people with low water convenience, and 8,65,6 people without water supply facilities. The unsafe drinking water < P > has seriously threatened people's health. The incidence of hepatitis A < P > is slightly higher than the national average, and some villages have become high-risk areas for liver diseases, gallstones and skin diseases.

(4) The environmental sanitation in rural areas is poor, and the pollution of garbage and domestic sewage is

prominent. The living environment has not been separated from people and animals, and there is no unified garbage dump and disposal site, and it has not been effectively treated. Garbage and sewage treatment facilities can't keep up with the development of rural residents, and environmental protection infrastructure construction and environmental management lag behind the development of economy and urbanization. The existing sewage treatment and garbage disposal projects in small towns have high unit investment < P > and operating costs, which can not maintain normal operation. Especially, the counties in the Three Gorges Reservoir < P > are mostly state-level poverty-stricken counties, and the contradiction of "cannot afford to build and use sewage treatment plants" is very prominent.

(5) Environmental pollution of township enterprises is relatively common. Township enterprises have low concentration, backward technology, and most of them lack environmental protection facilities, resulting in poor scale benefits, which has brought serious pollution to the rural ecological environment. According to the investigation of 18 small towns in the Three Gorges reservoir area and western Chongqing,

their enterprises are mainly coal mines, cement, machine bricks, foundry, leather

leather, agricultural and sideline products processing and other resource-using types, which have caused serious environmental pollution and ecological

damage.

(6) The function of ecosystem is declining, and soil erosion is serious. The total amount of forest resources is insufficient, the distribution of resources is uneven, the structure of forest species and forest age is unreasonable, the proportion of economic forests is low in the policy of returning farmland to forests, and the forest land system is fragile and unstable. The area of soil erosion in the city is 35,6

km2, accounting for 43.3% of the total land area. The total annual soil erosion is

134 million tons, and the total amount of sediment entering rivers reaches 1 million tons. Loss of soil-water flow < P > accelerates land degradation and "rocky desertification". Only southeast Chongqing has a desert area of 3,125 square kilometers, accounting for

8.2% of the area of southeast Chongqing, which aggravated the incidence of drought.

(7) biodiversity is greatly threatened. With the increase of rural population, the contradiction between people and land is prominent, which increases the plunder of resources and the destruction of the environment. With the use of pesticides and the discharge of a large number of pollutants, the habitats of many species

have changed dramatically, which has threatened the species in ecologically fragile areas, and

many resources have gradually become endangered or even disappeared. The change of environment < P > provides space for the survival and expansion of alien invasive species.

(8) The development of mineral resources and the construction of traffic projects have aggravated the ecological damage in rural areas

. On the one hand, surface instability, imbalance of surface water resources,

water pollution, soil erosion and debris flow, and serious damage caused by the rational structure and productivity of land resources. On the other hand, environmental protection measures for highway construction are not in place, resulting in ecological problems such as vegetation destruction and soil erosion in local areas.

second, analysis of the causes of rural ecological environment problems in Chongqing

first, the level of rural economic development is low. Due to poor basic conditions,

backward infrastructure and low level of industrial development, extensive economic's

development model has increased the rural environmental pressure; The city has a large agricultural population and a low per capita income. The per capita GDP is only 48% of the national average, and its self-development ability is weak. The average reclamation rate in the whole city is 31%,

more than double the national average of 13.9%, and the unfavorable natural environment conditions increase the difficulty of environmental pollution control in rural areas of Chongqing.

Second, rural environmental protection lacks sufficient capital investment and policy support

. For a long time, the overall investment in rural environmental protection society has been insufficient.

Most towns and villages do not have domestic sewage and garbage treatment facilities, and domestic sewage

water is directly discharged into rivers and ditches, and domestic garbage is directly piled up in the open air. In particular, there is a lack of investment channels for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution and livestock pollution, and there is a lack of incentive mechanism and preferential policies

. In addition, rural environmental protection is a field with strong public welfare and low return rate, and it lacks attraction to social funds, while most of the reservoir areas are state-level poverty-stricken counties, so it is unable to invest a lot of money in the construction of rural environmental protection facilities.

Third, it is difficult to protect and control the rural environment. Rural environmental problems

are various, large in quantity and wide in distribution, and difficult to control. The construction of environmental protection infrastructure in rural areas is generally blank, and many rural areas have become blind spots and dead ends for pollution control. For example, the legislation on aquaculture pollution, non-point source pollution and soil pollution is blank, and the existing laws and regulations are not targeted and operable, which has caused certain difficulties in solving rural environmental problems. It is difficult for the existing management system to effectively manage the rural environment, and most villages and towns have no environmental management mechanism and team.

Fourth, the rural environmental problems are not paid enough attention and social attention.

because there are no appropriate laws, corresponding policies and mechanisms to help farmers reduce

light rural environmental pollution, it is difficult to extend the existing environmental protection laws, regulations, policies and regulations to rural areas, agriculture and rural residents. The development of agricultural industry only pays attention to the expansion of quantity, without considering the environmental capacity. Ignoring the unreasonable industrial structure and excessive growth will inevitably bring environmental problems. There is not enough publicity and education on rural environmental protection, the education level of farmers is generally low, the people's awareness of environmental protection and self-protection is not strong, and their ability to prevent pollution is obviously weak.

III. Countermeasures and Suggestions

The rural environmental problems in Chongqing have seriously threatened the health of farmers

and the further development of rural economy, and

also posed a serious threat to the water environment safety in the reservoir area. If these problems

cannot be solved in time, they will definitely affect the stability of the immigrants in the reservoir area and the safe operation of the Three Gorges Project, and the construction of new countryside and the construction in the western area <

(1) Strengthen publicity, education and training on rural environmental protection. Open

exhibition of multi-level and multi-form publicity and education on rural environmental protection. It is necessary to emphasize

strengthening the education of rural ecological security and environmental protection for leading cadres at all levels, incorporating rural ecological environmental protection into social development plans and annual plans at all levels, and firmly establishing the idea that protecting rural ecological environment means protecting agricultural village productivity, and improving rural ecological environment means developing rural productivity. It is necessary to closely link the environment with health awareness, help rural residents understand the problems, development trends and harms of rural environment, arouse the ecological awareness and sustainable development awareness of the whole society, and enhance the sense of responsibility and mission of ecological environmental protection of the whole people.

(2) strengthen the overall planning of urban and rural development, and increase the guidance for the development of production in the Three Gorges reservoir area. Help solve the contradiction between environment and development, optimize economic development with environmental protection, accelerate the economic and social development of the reservoir area, solve the industrial emptiness of the reservoir area, actively guide the farmers in the reservoir area to develop

ecological economy, and effectively ensure the safety of the water environment in the reservoir area. Encourage the reservoir area to develop

traditional Chinese herbal medicines, eco-agriculture and eco-tourism projects, help

develop a number of sports and leisure industries such as cycling around the lake and mountaineering in the reservoir area, and promote the development of low-consumption, low-pollution and high-efficiency industrial projects in the reservoir area. Adjust the existing industrial development policies, such as appropriately increasing the proportion of economic forests in returning farmland to forests.

(3) increase investment in rural environmental protection, and establish a new mechanism for rural environmental protection. Projects such as pollution control of rural livestock and poultry breeding,

rural biogas construction, and domestic pollution control facilities in small towns have been implemented by the state, which have played a role in demonstrating and promoting rural environmental pollution control in Chongqing. Jian

proposed to further increase investment in projects and funds, speed up the implementation of the "Action Plan for Environmental Protection in Rural Areas", focus on the construction of a number of rural environmental protection projects, do a good job in drinking water projects for people and livestock in rural areas, protect drinking water sources, and

promote comprehensive improvement of rural environment. It is necessary to establish a rural environmental protection investment mechanism and a

guidance mechanism based on government investment to attract social funds to invest in environmental protection. It is suggested that the Three Gorges

reservoir area should be listed as a national pilot area for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution, as well as a key area for the implementation of the national

"Rural Well-off Environmental Protection Action Plan", focusing on solving the problems of rural non-point source pollution, livestock and poultry breeding pollution and domestic pollution in small towns

in the Three Gorges reservoir area.

(4) strengthen the supervision ability of rural environmental protection and establish and improve the rural environmental management system. Construction of rural ecological environment monitoring and safety

early warning system, establishment and improvement of ecological monitoring network, strengthening of soil

soil, water environment, agricultural products safety monitoring, to carry out scientific research to reduce non-point source pollution

pollution and improve relevant technical support. Integrate departmental resources, and establish a coordination mechanism of division of labor and cooperation between environmental protection, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, land, construction, municipal administration, health and other departments. Based on

Chongqing's strategic position in water environmental protection in the Three Gorges reservoir area and the fact that the basic conditions of environmental protection in agricultural villages in the reservoir area are poor, it is suggested to strengthen the environmental protection capacity building in rural areas in the reservoir area and improve the rural environmental management system.

(5) Strengthen the overall guidance on the treatment of domestic pollution in small towns.

remediation of domestic pollution in small towns is an important content of building a new socialist countryside, and it is also an inevitable requirement for protecting the water environment in the Three Gorges reservoir area.

It is suggested that according to the actual situation of pollution in small towns, we should comprehensively strengthen the guidance on rural environmental protection policies and technologies, and study pollution prevention and control countermeasures; And

as soon as possible, formulate the standards for the treatment of domestic pollution in small towns, and recommend a batch of

technologies for the treatment of domestic sewage and domestic garbage that are in line with the reality of small towns, so as to ensure that the implementation of domestic pollution treatment projects in small towns is an advanced and

practical environmental protection project with low operating cost, easy management and good treatment effect.

(6) accelerate the construction of rural environmental protection laws and policies, and establish the ecological environment compensation mechanism in the Yangtze River basin. Formulate standards and management regulations on pollution control of livestock and poultry and aquaculture, non-point source pollution prevention and control, resource development and utilization, and accelerate the legislative process of "Regulations on Pollution Prevention and Control of Livestock and Poultry Breeding". Combined with the construction of new socialist countryside, formulate

new environmental protection policies and related requirements, including formulating incentive policies for organic fertilizer production,

use and comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes. In view of the strategic significance of

in the Three Gorges reservoir area for the long-term safe operation of the Three Gorges Project, the flood control and ecological security in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the cross-regional allocation of water resources between the north and the south, and the enormous pressure and difficulties in resettlement and maintaining

social stability, it is suggested that the state establish the Yangtze River basin

according to the principle of "whoever benefits

pays for compensation".