Nobel owned Bofors before his death. This company has a history of 350 years. Before that, it mainly produced steel. After Nobel owned Bofors, he changed the company's main product direction to produce military products. During World War II, many products of this company were authorized to be produced in many countries and were widely praised by the military. Nobel has 355 patented inventions in his life, and has opened about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on five continents, such as Europe and America, and accumulated huge wealth.
One year before his death, Li Zhi used most of his legacy (about US$ 9.2 million) as a fund, divided the annual interest into five parts, and set up five prizes (namely the Nobel Prize) for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace, and awarded them to people all over the world who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields. Among them, explosives are the most famous one. Artificial elements are named after Nobel.
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Summary of the main contents of the Nobel Prize
Nobel is a child prodigy. He was sickly since childhood, but he has amazing energy and perseverance; Living in poverty in his early years, he later became a rare monopoly; Without formal education, he became a scientist and an inventor with hundreds of patents. Finally, he donated the huge wealth accumulated in his life to those who made great contributions to science, literature and peace. This book depicts the legendary life of Nobel with rich historical materials and touching stories.
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Nobel prize information
The Nobel Prize was founded in 1900, with part of the legacy of Alfred bernhard Nobel, a famous Swedish chemist (3 1 10,000 Swedish kronor) as the fund. Nobel prizes are divided into five categories: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. Award the annual interest or investment income of the fund to those who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields. The first prize was won in190112+10, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death. Since then, in addition to the wartime interruption, a grand award ceremony will be held on this day every year. On the day of 20 12, 10, 1 1 Beijing time, the Swedish Academy Literature Award announced that Mo Yan, a China writer, had won the 20 12 Nobel Prize in Literature. Mo Yan became the first China writer to win the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature. Beijing time 2065438+051010.5. 20 15 nobel prize in physiology or medicine: Tu Youyou. She has been engaged in the research of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine for many years, and her outstanding contribution is to create new antimalarial drugs-artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. Tu Youyou became the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Science in China and the first China woman to win the Nobel Prize. She also became the first China native scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Science and the first China scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
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Who has a profile of Nobel?
Nobel (Alfred bernhard), Swedish chemist. 1833 65438+1October 2 1 was born in Stockholm,1896 65438+February 10 died in San Remo, Italy. Nobel 1842 went to live in St. Petersburg, Russia with his family. 1850 went to Paris to study chemistry for one year, and then worked under J. Erickson in the United States for four years. After returning to St. Petersburg, he worked in his father's factory. Nobel began to study nitroglycerin in 1859, but the factory exploded in 1864. In order to prevent accidents from happening again in the future, Nobel absorbed nitroglycerin in inert substances, which made it safer to use. Nobel called it Dana explosive and applied for a patent in 1867. 1875, Nobel mixed collodion (cellulose hexanitrate) with nitroglycerin to obtain a gelatinous substance, called explosive glue, which was more explosive than that explosive. 1876 was patented, and 1887 Nobel developed smokeless explosives. He also has many other inventions, which have been patented by manufacturers of rubber synthesis, leather and man-made fibers. Nobel accumulated a lot of wealth by operating oil fields and producing explosives. When he died, he used most of his legacy as a fund. Every year, he used his interest (about 200,000 US dollars) to award the Nobel Prize to those who had made great contributions to mankind in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace in the previous year. It was awarded to 190 1 for the first time. From 65438 to 0968, the Nobel Prize in Economics was added, which was funded by the Swedish National Bank.
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Nobel's message
The Nobel Prize was founded in 190 1 year. It was awarded to alfred bernhard nobel (1833.10.2/-1896), a famous Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerin explosives. Nobel prizes include gold medals, certificates and bonus checks. Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel devoted himself to the research of explosives all his life, and was known as the "king of explosives" for inventing nitroglycerin detonators, nitroglycerin solid explosives and colloidal explosives. He not only engaged in theoretical research, but also engaged in industrial practice. He obtained 355 patents for technological inventions in his life, opened about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on five continents, such as Europe and America, and accumulated huge wealth. 1896 10 February 10, Nobel died in San Remo, Italy. One year before his death, he ordered to use most of his legacy (about 9.2 million US dollars) as a fund, divide the annual interest into five parts, and set up five prizes for physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, literature and peace, which will be awarded to people all over the world who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields. Accordingly,1June 900, the Swedish government approved the establishment of the Nobel Foundation, and the Swedish Parliament passed the articles of association for awarding the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time on the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death the following year, namely1901+02+10. Since then, in addition to the wartime interruption, grand awards ceremonies will be held on this day every year in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway. 1990, Klaus Nobel, the great grandson of Nobel, proposed to add the Nobel Earth Prize to the winners of outstanding environmental achievements. The award was first presented in World Environment Day on June 5th, 199 1. Nobel Testament 1968 On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the founding of China Construction Bank, the Swedish Central Bank added the Nobel Prize in Economic Science for those who have made great contributions in the field of economic science research (called "Alfred Bernd Nobel Prize in Economic Science" by the Swedish Central Bank, also known as "Nobel Prize in Economic Science"). This award was presented at the same time as the other five awards of 1969. 1990, Klaus Nobel, the great-grandson of Nobel, proposed to add the Nobel Prize for the Earth and award it to people who have made great contributions to environmental protection all over the world. The "UN-Earth is One" prize, known as the Green Nobel Prize, was first awarded by the "Earth is One" association sponsored by the United Nations on the occasion of World Environment Day on June 5th. 199 1. Nobel prizes include gold medals, certificates and bonus checks. Among them, the amount of bonus depends on the income of the foundation. The face value of bonus increased year by year due to inflation, initially about 30,000 US dollars, about 75,000 US dollars in the 1960s, about 220,000 US dollars in the 1980s, and about 6,543,800 US dollars in the 1990s. 200 1 year, the amount of each Nobel Prize is 6.5438+million Swedish kronor (about 950,000 US dollars). In 2005, the amount of each Bell Prize was 6.5438+million Swedish kronor (about 6.5438+0.3 million US dollars). How much is the Nobel legacy? The gold medal weighs about half a pound, contains 23K gold, is about 6.5cm in diameter, and has a Nobel relief image on the front. Different awards and medals have different back decorations. The design of each award certificate also has its own style. The award ceremony is grand and simple, and the number of people attending the ceremony is limited to1.5000 to1.8000 every year. Among them, men should wear tuxedos or national costumes, and women should wear serious evening dresses. The flowers used in the ceremony were flown in from all over the world to show respect for knowledge. Since the Nobel Prize was awarded in 190 1, * * six China people have won the Nobel Prize in Science, namely,,,,, Zhu,. & gt& gt& gt According to Nobel's will, in the whole selection process, the winners are not influenced by any nationality, nationality, ideology or religion, and the only criterion for selection is the size of achievements. However, it has also been pointed out that the Nobel Prize, especially the Peace Prize, is sometimes influenced by political and other factors in the selection process. The whole process of Nobel Prize selection is confidential and there is no reconsideration. When the final result is announced, there are only the names of the winners and brief reasons. Relevant selection records and candidate materials shall not be disclosed to the public within 50 years. Even after this time limit, it is only available to professionals who study the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize awarding institutions place great emphasis on their strict independence. Even the Swedish and Norwegian governments cannot exert any influence on the selection results. The Mistakes of the Nobel Prize On June 5438+February 10, 2003, Alexei Abrikosov (left), the winner of the physics prize, accepted the award from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in the concert hall in the center of Stockholm, Sweden. Xinhua News Agency/AFP abides by Nobel will. The physics prize and chemistry prize are evaluated by the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, the physiology or medicine prize is evaluated by the Royal Caroline Medical College of Sweden, the literature prize is evaluated by the Swedish Academy of Literature, and the peace prize is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. 1968 added an economics prize, which was provided by the Swedish central bank and entrusted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Science for evaluation. The Swedish Academy responsible for evaluating Nobel Prize in Literature was first established in 1786. This is a national college that aims to maintain and develop Swedish literature and writing. The Nobel Prize in Literature Jury is composed of 18 lifelong academicians, and the annual Nobel Prize in Literature Prize winner is publicly announced on a Thursday in 65438+ 10. According to the ancient tradition, the number of academicians who quit the College of Literature will not increase, and only after the death of the current academician will new academicians be added. On June 5438+1October1October, 2005, Professor Knuts Ahnlund, an academician of the College of Literature of Sweden and a judge of Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote an article in the Swedish Daily published on the same day, announcing his withdrawal from the Swedish Academy Literature Prize because he selected elfriede jelinek, an Austrian woman writer, as Nobel Prize in Literature by the Nobel Prize in Literature Jury in 2004. Each awarding unit of the Nobel Prize has a five-member committee responsible for the selection, which is held every three years. The selection process and principles are as follows:-The first step in the selection process is to recommend candidates. The recommender must have certain qualifications. They must be: former Nobel Prize winners, members of Nobel Prize jury, distinguished university professors, invited professors of Nobel Prize jury, chairman of representative writers' association (literature prize), members of some international conferences and organizations (peace prize), members of national parliaments and cabinet members (peace prize). No one can recommend himself as the winner. The Swedish and Norwegian governments have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize, nor can they support or oppose the recommended candidates. The work of recommending candidates ends before February 1 every year, and the recommender submits a recommendation report to the relevant selection agency around September. After discussing the candidates' achievements, the selection committee announced the selection results in the middle of June 5438+ 10. The evaluation of candidates by the Nobel Prize Selection Committee is conducted in secret. 2004 Nobel Prize Awarding Ceremony >>>-September to the following year1October 3 1 Candidates recommended by various Nobel Prizes. There are usually 1000-2000 candidates recommended every year. —— From February 1 day, the Nobel Prize jury will screen and review the recommended candidates, and the work will be kept strictly confidential. By September, the list of winners in various fields has been basically determined, and then the jury will hold a general meeting to formally decide. -The winners of this year's Nobel Prize were selected in the second week of June+10, 5438. Notify the winner immediately after the election results are announced. -65438+February 10 is the anniversary of Nobel's death. On this day, the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony was held in Stockholm and Oslo respectively. In Sweden, the king will give prizes to the winners. What does the Nobel Prize mean to China? According to statistics, 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the first scientist of a country won the Nobel Prize. It has been 50 years since China was founded. Why didn't a native scientist in China wear the laurel of this science? 1999, four academicians Wu Guoguang, Yang and Zhu Qingshi put forward that "China needs the Nobel Prize", followed by economist He Liancheng. Nowadays, "China needs the Nobel Prize" has become the unanimous voice of China people. How significant is the Nobel Prize to scientists in China? Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that for China scientists, the significance of winning the prize lies in encouraging them to make original innovations in basic research. The Nobel Prize has an important influence on mankind, and in these respects, China scientists should also make due contributions. Academician Zhao Zhongxian emphasized that the Nobel Prize is not the only scientific standard and cannot be the only goal of scientific research. Because a lot of work-exploring the laws of the universe-is bound to carry out scientific research, but not all research results will win the Nobel Prize. Winning prizes is not the purpose of scientists to engage in scientific research. It is wrong to think that you can't engage in scientific research without the Nobel Prize. ■ Why didn't China scientists win the Nobel Prize? Wang Yusheng, director of the China Science and Technology Museum and an expert in the history of science, said that the research of Nobel Prize-level China scientists can even be traced back to before the founding of the People's Republic of China. The most important scientific achievements are Compton-Wu effect in the 1920s, electron-positron annihilation experiment in the early 1930s, the discovery of uranium trinuclear by Qian Sanqiang and He in the 1940s, and the first synthetic insulin crystal by 1965. There is no denying that China has missed the Nobel Prize many times. Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that from the perspective of the history of science and technology, there is a reason why China didn't win the Nobel Prize. 190 1 year, the first nobel prize was awarded. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance entered Beijing. For the next half century, China has been in a state of war and oppression by foreign powers. Generally speaking, there has been no significant development in basic scientific research. After liberation, science and technology have made great progress, but it was closed before the reform. For our country, there are many problems, such as economy, science and national defense. At this time, the main scientific and technological achievement is the research of "two bombs and one hydrogen", and a large number of outstanding scientists are concentrated in this field. A lot of work has been done in basic research, such as 1965 synthesizing insulin crystals for the first time, but it is still few after all. After the reform, the policy of "science and technology are the primary productive forces" was put forward, especially in recent years, the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" was put forward, which played a great role in promoting the development of science. Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that there are many reasons for not winning the Nobel Prize after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Objectively speaking, during the ten-year "Cultural Revolution", international science and technology developed at a high speed, which caused serious damage to basic research and needed a long time to recover and accumulate. Subjectively speaking, our basic research on original innovation is less, and we didn't pay enough attention to original innovation technology at the beginning of reform. ■ What has the history of science and technology in China given people? Professor Yang Zhenning said that the Nobel Prize is a very complicated matter. I think the method and results of the Nobel Prize in Literature Committee's selection are incorrect. No one in Chinese mainland has won the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry and medicine. There is a simple reason. First of all, there is not enough money. Today, no matter doing biological, physical or chemical research, equipment is very expensive. China is gradually catching up now, but it is far from the best equipment in advanced countries. The second reason is that academics should have traditions. The most important point of academic tradition is to let young people know which problem is worth doing and which problem is easy to have development prospects. China's scientific tradition will not develop for a while, and I think this is the most important thing. Academician Zhao Zhongxian said that the academic accumulation and tradition of a laboratory and research institute are very important. We should pay attention to accumulation, carry forward traditions and constantly cultivate the younger generation. In the 1920s, Sommerfeld didn't win the Nobel Prize in Physics, but seven students from Sommerfeld's laboratory won it. This is because the academic tradition of Sommerfeld Laboratory has influenced the next generation. I think it has been achieved both in accumulation and tradition. With the continuous development of young people, more major original innovative technologies will emerge, and naturally some people will win prizes. ■ What is the reason for the gap between China's science and technology and the international level? According to the statistical data of 1996, China's R&D expenditure only accounts for 0.5% of GNP, which is not only low compared with developed countries (2.45% in the United States and 2.9% in Japan), but also very small in absolute terms, even less if calculated on a per capita basis, even worse than developing countries like India. This is undoubtedly a major factor that seriously restricts the development of science and technology in China. When talking about the reasons for the gap, Professor Zhao Hong, a famous scientist in China, thinks that there are four points: First, the accumulation of scientific knowledge is not enough; Second, the research time is not enough; Third, lack of scientific community; Fourth, there is a lack of scientific talent identification and selection mechanism. Yang Zhenning believes that the main reason that restricts the development of science and technology in China is economic backwardness. But he gradually became optimistic, and he thought that the conditions for China scientists to win the Nobel Prize were ripe. He said, two years ago, before the salary of scientists was greatly raised in China, I studied the annual salary of full professors in 10, and the average salary was less than $2,000. In the past two years, I have seen that the government has given them a lot. At this rate, I think China people can do a lot of jobs that can win the Nobel Prize. There is a gap between China's science and technology and the international level, which has a history of about 300 years. After the rise of modern science, China fell behind, while 700 years ago, China's scientific and technological development was always at the forefront of the world. Is the rise and fall of science and technology in China only economic? When talking about the history of technology in China, Academician Zhao Zhongxian said: "Culturally, I think Confucian culture has resisted the development of modern science and technology. Although Confucian culture also has its essence, it is advanced in cultivating people's self-cultivation, treating people with things and cultivating self-cultivation. In general, this cultural mechanism is not conducive to cultivating unconventional scientific and technological talents. " ■ What conditions should China scientists have to win the Nobel Prize? Professor Badin won the Nobel Prize in the same field twice. When he visited the Institute of Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, he talked about this problem half jokingly. He talked about three conditions for winning the Nobel Prize: the first is hard work; The second is opportunity; The third is the spirit of cooperation. Academician Zhao Zhongxian said that these aspects are very important for scientists in China. By "hard work", he means not only diligence, but also choosing the right direction, devoting himself wholeheartedly and making original and innovative achievements. The "opportunity" he said also includes whether the selected works are meaningful. Although some work is done beautifully, it is not necessarily meaningful and it is impossible to win prizes. What he calls "the spirit of cooperation" is also the spirit of collectivism that we often talk about. Perhaps the characteristic of China people is that they are influenced by Confucian culture, moderate and not allowed to be unconventional. Although we all know that "truth is often in the hands of a few people", it is very difficult to do it. In the future, we should learn to tolerate originality, encourage different academic viewpoints, have a stable and free environment and stable support, and create conditions for scientists to concentrate on research. The happiness of a real scientist is enjoyed by solving scientific problems. Although his living conditions are poor, he will not ask for extravagant conditions. What he needs most now is stable support. Attract people who love science and have scientific research quality to engage in scientific and technological work. If we can carry out the spirit of the article published by General Secretary Jiang in the American journal Science, China scientists will do more original and innovative work and the chances of winning prizes will increase. ■ Compared with other countries, what are the advantages of China winning the Nobel Prize? Liu, an agricultural scientist researcher at China Institute of Biotechnology, said: China's greatest advantage is its talent advantage. In foreign countries, almost all famous research laboratories have China people, and even some students I despise at home have inexplicably become talents abroad. China has talents, which is of course the first factor. Yang Zhenning thinks that if we want to talk about advantages, I think China has the talent conditions to win this grand prize. Personally, Yang Zhenning believes that people who teach in the West have accepted many students from China. Everyone thinks that students from China have the best quality. It can be said that education in China has successfully delivered a large number of scientific and technological talents. To make great progress in science and technology, talents like China are not a problem. There is also a good tradition since the founding of New China, that is, the government attaches great importance to education, and young people in China are diligent. Yang Zhenning believes that in the past, economic backwardness restricted the development of science and technology in China. With the rapid development of economy, China is not far from the Nobel Prize, just one step away! ■ Compared with other countries, what are the disadvantages for China to win the Nobel Prize? Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that the unfavorable factor for China to win the international prize is that there are too few China scientists participating in international activities. The past was not advanced, people were biased, and we still need to know more about us. As a basic research, it is very necessary to contact and communicate with the international community, especially with world-class laboratories. Lack of international communication is often due to lack of funds. Researcher Liu said that some scientists are invited to attend international conferences, and they should write to others before going to see if they are willing to provide you with round-trip air tickets, accommodation and other funds. Like a beggar. Why not spend your own money? Because a project costs only1200,000 a year, how much research funds will you have when you go abroad for a meeting to publicize your research results? According to the project investment, the project application must be written well, but as the original innovative technology, who can read it so carefully, so far and so accurately? If we can write the results first and then innovate, won't anyone innovate? Some experts believe that investment in some projects is not small, but it is necessary to avoid dispersion. We should concentrate our money on people who are really committed to science and have scientific literacy, and encourage their curiosity. The current evaluation system does not invest money in scientists, and even those who should get the money can't get it; The patent application system can't keep up, and the existing scientific research achievements are not well protected; The continuity of scientific research is not enough, and the application is constantly interrupted, which also wastes a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources to a certain extent. ■ How far are China scientists from the Nobel Prize? How many years has China won this prize? Yang Zhenning said that if the economy grows rapidly, more than one China person will win the Nobel Prize. Because of the rapid economic growth in China, China leaders have high requirements for the speed of scientific and technological development, and their investment in research work has also increased substantially. After all, there are too few chances for the Nobel Prize to pass China by. Academician Zhao Zhongxian said that it is difficult to estimate individual events. But on the whole, China will win the Nobel Prize.