In the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Soviet Union was the main supporter of China's anti-Japanese war. Why was the Soviet Union the main supporter of early China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression? Because the Japanese launched the "9. 18" Incident to occupy the northeast of China, one of the purposes was to obtain a strategic base for attacking the Soviet Union. It attacked the Hassan Lake and the Halsin River in the Soviet Union twice. Although they were all defeated by the Soviet Union, the ambition of the Japanese army remained the same.

Soviet leaders are not fools, they have a clear understanding of Japan. Not only did it condemn Japanese aggression internationally, but it also signed a non-aggression treaty with China, which provided a great deal of material assistance for China's war of resistance.

Let's look at the data.

19371Since mid-October, the Soviet Union has delivered to China military materials such as airplanes, cannons, machine guns, aviation and armored equipment, guns and ammunition that China urgently needs.

1938 In March and July, the Soviet Union gave China two loans of 50 million dollars each, totaling 1 billion dollars. 1June, 939, and borrowed1500,000. The total amount of Soviet loans was $250 million. From 1937 to 1942, the Soviet Union actually lent China * * 65438+73 million dollars to buy arms, ranking first among all countries' aid to China in the same period. With these loans, China paid off the Soviet Union's military aid to China, such as weapons and ammunition, and solved the foreign exchange difficulty of China's urgent need for arms.

According to statistics, from September 1937 to June 194 1, the Soviet Union provided China with 904 planes (including 365,438 light and heavy bombers +08), 82 tanks, 65,438 cars+0,526 vehicles, 24 tractors and 654,326 vehicles. There are 9,720 light and heavy machine guns, 50,000 rifles, 65,438+67 million rifle bullets, 7 million machine gun bullets, 31kloc-0/000 bombs, 0/870 artillery shells and 22/kloc-0 aircraft engines.

As can be seen from the above data, the Soviet Union was not only the only country in the world that actively assisted China's arms at that time, but also the price of military supplies such as airplanes was far lower than the international market.

In addition, the Soviet Union sent a large number of military advisers and technical experts to China. By 194 1, there were more than 140 military advisers sent to the government and army of China, and thousands of experts in various fields. They successively served as military advisers to the China administration, including Soviet generals Drajiwin, Cherie Cynthia Phaneuf, Kachanov and Cui Kefu. They helped to contact the Soviet Union's military aid to China, helped to make operational plans, and even participated in the command of important battles.

In addition to military advisers and technical experts, the Soviet Union directly sent air force volunteers to China to participate in the Anti-Japanese War. By 1940, there were more than 700 pilots of Soviet Volunteers fighting in China. They took part in air battles to defend Nanjing, Wuhan, Nanchang, Chongqing, Chengdu, Lanzhou and other cities, bombed airports, stations, ports, warehouses, ships and other Japanese military targets many times, and participated in more than 20 major battles.

Only 1938 a year, it shot down more than 100 Japanese planes and sank more than 70 Japanese ships. More than 200 Soviet volunteer pilots, including bomber captain Kurishenko and fighter captain Rahma Novo, gave their precious lives.

2. America

The United States, Britain, France and other countries are very smart. After the September 18th Incident, they pursued a policy of appeasement towards Japan for a long time, and watched China go to war with Japan. However, with the continuous expansion of Japan's full-scale war of aggression against China, the colonial interests of the United States, Britain and France in China and the Far East have been seriously damaged, and they agreed to provide military assistance to China.

After China entered the stalemate of the Anti-Japanese War strategy, the United States gradually strengthened its assistance to China.

193865438+In February, after repeated negotiations between China and the United States, the US government announced for the first time that it would provide China with a loan of US$ 25 million. China used this loan to purchase American materials and repaid it with tung oil. 1February, 939, the Sino-US Tung Oil Loan Contract was formally signed, which was then called "Tung Oil Loan". This loan marked the beginning of American aid to China during the Anti-Japanese War.

1940 April and 10/0 October, the United States provided China with a loan of $20 million for Yunxi and $25 million for tungsten ore. In June, Roosevelt announced that he would lend China $6,543.8 billion.

1941February, the Sino-US Metal Loan Contract was formally signed, and China borrowed 50 million US dollars from the United States with metal minerals as collateral. In March, the US Congress passed the Lease Act to provide military assistance to countries opposed to fascist aggression, and began to provide arms and materials to China in the form of lease. In April, Roosevelt signed an order to approve American veterans to join the American Volunteer Air Force (Flying Tigers) formed by Chennault to help the China Air Force fight against the Japanese. In April and May, Roosevelt twice approved to provide China with more than 90 million dollars worth of military equipment and weapons and ammunition. In July, Roosevelt also approved the provision of equipment and personnel to the China Air Force.

After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the United States increased its aid to China. 1942 In March, China and the United States formally signed a loan agreement of 500 million US dollars. In June, China and the United States signed the Sino-US Lease Agreement.

According to incomplete statistics, the total amount of loan aid provided by the United States to China in wartime reached 845.7 million US dollars, of which, except 20 million US dollars, the rest were given free of charge. The United States has sent weapons, planes, tanks, vehicles, ships and various military equipment worth about 520 million dollars to China, and supported War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China.

3. British side

1939 In March, Britain provided China with the first loan of 5 million pounds from the stabilization fund, and in March and August, it provided China with 223,000 pounds and 2.859 million pounds of car credit loans, totaling 3.082 million pounds.

1941April, Britain provided China with a second loan of 5 million pounds from the stabilization fund. 1942 In February, Britain announced that it would lend China 50 million pounds.

However, there are serious differences between the two countries on loan performance and conditions. Until1May, 944, Chinese talents signed the Sino-British Financial Assistance Agreement of 50 million pounds. In this loan, China only spent 865,438+million pounds on purchasing materials and other services in the pound area, of which 3 million pounds was paid at the end of 1945, and the remaining 565,438+million pounds was paid at 1948 in July. Therefore, in the late period of the Anti-Japanese War, China actually did not receive loan assistance from Britain.

4. France

1938 In April, France and China signed a loan contract for the South (Ning) Town (Nanguan) railway, with the amounts of 654.38+05 billion francs and 654.38+045 million pounds respectively, and an additional loan of 30 million francs was made in March the following year. 1939 65438+In February, China and France reached a loan of 480 million francs for the Syrian-Kunming railway. Due to the war situation, the performance of these two loan contracts was suspended. In addition, France has a positive attitude towards the military assistance and cooperation sought by the government of China. However, due to the defeat and surrender of France in 1940, the proposed military assistance and cooperation plan was suspended.

The international community's support for China has greatly encouraged China, which has long adhered to the Eastern War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and Independence, and enhanced the confidence and courage of the China people in defeating Japanese fascism. At the same time, China persisted in a protracted war, and under extremely difficult conditions, it provided a large number of urgently needed agricultural and animal husbandry products, mineral products and other materials to countries such as the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France, and actively supported and helped people of all countries in their anti-fascist struggle.

It is worth mentioning that in the hard years ravaged by Japanese invaders, the people of China sincerely helped other victims persecuted by the world fascists.

At that time, Shanghai accepted about 30,000 Jewish refugees, including Mike Blumenthal, who later became the finance minister of Carter's government. At that time, He Fengshan, Consul General of China in Vienna, took great risks and issued "life-saving" visas to at least thousands of Jewish refugees, so that they could escape from the clutches of fascism. He was called "Schindler of China".