* Observational learning is learning by observing the behavior of others (called role models). Many habits and personality traits are acquired by observing and imitating social role models, among which cognition plays an important role.
* Reciprocal determinism-Children and teenagers are considered as active and thoughtful people, who can develop in many directions. Human development is the product of continuous interaction among individuals (P), behaviors (B) and environment (E). The situation or environment experienced by children may affect children's development, and children's behavior will also affect the environment.
Therefore, children are active participants in shaping the environment that affects their development.
Social learning theory holds that people's social behavior actually comes from imitating and learning others' behavior. Sociologists divide people's social behavior into "prosocial behavior" and "antisocial behavior" according to the positive or negative effects of individual behavior on society.
Prosocial behavior refers to all behaviors that have a positive effect on society, including helping others, observing social norms, being friendly, and participating in public affairs. Small enough to smile at others, get on the bus and give up your seat to the old and young, big enough to donate your body, volunteer to participate in vaccine trials, and sacrifice yourself to save people in times of crisis. Among them, those behaviors that help others without asking for any spiritual or material return are also called altruistic behaviors or selfless altruistic behaviors. There are three ways to acquire prosocial behavior: ① the conditioning of empathy, the classical conditioning, which began in early childhood; ② Direct training and conditioned reflex (praise, encouragement and affirmation); ③ Observe the role of learning and social role models.
Antisocial behavior corresponds to prosocial behavior, which is an attack on others or society and has a negative effect on society. Such as violence, aggression or attack, hurting others and disturbing social order.
How to cultivate children's prosocial behavior and restrain antisocial behavior? According to the social learning theory, we can start from the following aspects:
First, strengthen contact.
According to social learning theory, every healthy baby will form attachment. This kind of attachment not only feeds, but also strengthens contact, providing them with tactile, visual and auditory stimulation, and becomes the most important and reliable attachment object for children. It is found that the attachment formed in early childhood plays an important role in later behavior. For example, in the study of Luo monkeys, it is found that young monkeys who have been lovelorn for a long time have obvious abnormal behaviors: biting themselves, shaking their bodies when walking, being withdrawn, and not adapting to social life as adults. Therefore, if the "attachment" program can be performed well, it will generate a person's trust and self-confidence, and will successfully attach to peers and future generations. I think this is an important basis for cultivating children's prosocial behavior. In schools, it is particularly important to strengthen the connection between teachers and students, especially single-parent students. In today's student groups, there are still a large number of single-parent students, most of whom are dull, withdrawn, aggressive, unsatisfactory in academic performance, low in ability and indifferent in interest because of lack of love. For the sake of children and society, teachers should be responsible for these children, give them fatherly love and satisfy their desire to be loved. For example, often talk with them, often care about their warmth and physical condition, so that they can feel family affection and enjoy attachment. In this process, their body and mind will develop healthily, laying a solid foundation for realizing individual socialization.
Second, encourage exchanges.
Communication plays an extremely important role in cultivating children's prosocial behavior, especially peer communication. Through the research of many scholars at home and abroad, it is found that peer communication not only contributes to children's cognitive skills learning, emotional stability and happiness, but more importantly, they learn social skills to get along with others through peer communication. Because in the process of children's development, the role of peers is enormous: peers are reinforcements and role models-the influence of peer behavior is interactive. For example, children like to associate with generous children, and almost everyone will become generous in their interactions; Peer can be self-centered-communication can make them aware of other people's views and needs, learn to understand others, learn to restrain themselves, change their unreasonable thoughts and behaviors, and learn to get along with peers; Peer can give children a sense of stability and belonging-children will have a lot of troubles and puzzles when they grow up. If they are not solved in time, they will form unhealthy psychology, which is extremely unfavorable for cultivating their prosocial behavior. Based on the above principles, it is not difficult to see how important it is to encourage communication to cultivate pro-social behavior! Schools and families should create opportunities for children to communicate, such as encouraging children to participate in hand-in-hand poverty alleviation activities, so that children can know themselves and society, increase their communication skills, cultivate good quality, establish a sense of social responsibility, and further cultivate their prosocial behavior.
Third, set an example.
According to the social learning theory, children's gender stereotype behaviors (such as boys acting like boys and girls acting like girls) are mainly obtained through observation and imitation. Bandura also found through a set of experiments that children's behavior (no longer limited to gender stereotype behavior) is not determined by reinforcement, but by observation. Moreover, they believe that pattern behavior will affect children's self-evaluation and self-reinforcement. Therefore, they advocate cultivating prosocial behavior through presentation mode. For example, there is a typical experiment: let children watch an adult's bowling game, and the adult donates part of the winning prize money to poor children as a fund, and then let these children play this game alone. Therefore, the number of awards they donated far exceeded that of the control group children who had never watched the adult model. Even after two months, the subjects in these experimental groups are still generous to different experimenters, which shows that the influence of the model is long-term. Therefore, in the process of children's growth, setting an example for children is also conducive to the formation and development of children's prosocial behavior. A role model can be a hero, a good partner, a teacher or a parent. Of course, when setting an example, we must pay great attention to: (1) As a hero or companion, we should introduce it realistically; Teachers and parents should set an example and accept infection and edification imperceptibly. (2) produce telepathy, accept the example in the deep heart, and let the students take it orally. ⑶ Carry out necessary activities, link learning models with their own knowledge, feelings and behaviors, and put them into concrete actions.
People often say that people who are close to Zhu Zhechi will be hacked if they are close to Mexico, that is to say, hearing about it will have an impact on people. As time goes on, this influence will appear. Many people think that children will not show any aggression when watching violent movies or other programs. But we will find such a phenomenon that when a child learns to speak, he will suddenly say something that adults have not taught him at present. Adults always want to know when children learned these words. This is the so-called sleeper effect of social learning. The so-called sleeper effect refers to the negative events of contact lurking in the brain and affecting their behavior at other times. The child may see the pistol in his mother's bag one day and feel curious. There was no inappropriate reaction at that time. However, in the following days, he saw how some adults got angry and attacked others when they were indignant. He understood the purpose of the gun and the way to deal with anger was to vent it quickly and effectively, that is, to attack the person who caused his anger. When he was provoked, the pistol, like a stimulus, activated his imagination in the case of conflict. He will imitate to release his anger. Therefore, it is adults who turn a child into a sleeping lion with aggressive behavior. When it sleeps, we should not think it is still a kitten.
In short, there are various ways to cultivate children's prosocial behavior and restrain antisocial behavior. As long as we have more love and sense of responsibility, and establish social values of harmony, friendship and respect for life, the instinct of aggressive behavior will be suppressed, and our children will be trained to be truly useful to society.