There are still two months left before the 222 junior bank qualification examination officially begins. For the candidates who are reviewing, two months are fleeting, and everyone needs to arrange the review plan reasonably. Here I bring you the knowledge points of the 222 junior bank qualification examination "Laws and Regulations". Let's take a look! Characteristics and types of financial instruments in test sites

(1) Characteristics of financial instruments (liquidity, profitability and risk)

Liquidity: ① Whether it can be easily realized at any time; (2) the degree of loss in the process of liquidation and the size of the transaction cost. Generally speaking, liquidity is inversely proportional to the repayment period and directly proportional to the debtor's credit ability.

profitability: credit instruments can bring benefits to holders regularly or irregularly, and the size of benefits is reflected by the rate of return.

risk: ① credit risk (default risk); (2) Market risk: The price of financial instruments falls due to the change of economic environment, market interest rate or some unforeseen factors in the securities market, thus bringing losses to investors.

(2) Types of financial instruments

According to maturity

Short-term financial instruments: maturity ≤1 year, such as commercial bills, short-term treasury bills, bank acceptance bills, negotiable certificates of deposit, repurchase agreements, etc.

Long-term financial instruments: term >; 1 year, such as stocks, corporate bonds, long-term government bonds, etc.

by financing method

direct financing tools: treasury bonds, corporate bonds, commercial bills and company stocks issued by the government and enterprises.

indirect financing tools: bank bonds, bank acceptance bills, negotiable certificates of deposit, life insurance policies, etc.

according to the rights owned by investors

debt instruments: represented by bonds

equity instruments: represented by stocks

mixed instruments: represented by convertible corporate bonds and securities investment funds. Foreign exchange and exchange rates

(1) the concept of foreign exchange

International Monetary Fund: foreign exchange is the monetary administrative authority (central bank, monetary institutions, foreign exchange stabilization fund and Ministry of Finance). Including foreign currency, foreign currency deposits, foreign currency securities (government bonds, treasury bills, corporate bonds, stocks, etc.) and foreign currency payment vouchers (bills, bank deposit vouchers, postal savings vouchers, etc.).

Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Control: refers to the following means of payment and assets expressed in foreign currency that can be used for international settlement: foreign currency cash, including paper money and coins; Foreign currency payment vouchers or payment instruments, including bills, bank deposit vouchers, bank cards, etc.; Foreign currency securities, including bonds and stocks; Special drawing rights; Other foreign exchange assets.

(2) exchange rate and its pricing method

direct quotations: a pricing method to calculate how much foreign currency should be paid based on a certain unit of foreign currency, also known as the payable pricing method

indirect pricing method: a pricing method to calculate how much foreign currency should be paid based on a certain unit of foreign currency. Also known as the receivable pricing method

(3) Types of exchange rates

① Fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate

Fixed interest rate: a fixed ratio is maintained between the domestic currency and other countries' currencies, and exchange rate fluctuations can only be limited within a certain range, and the stability of the exchange rate is guaranteed by official intervention.

floating interest rate: the exchange rate between the domestic currency and other countries' currencies is not determined by the government, but determined by the relationship between supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. It can float freely, and the government only intervenes in the market when the exchange rate fluctuates excessively.

② spot exchange rate and forward exchange rate

spot interest rate: the exchange rate for delivery on the day or within two days of the transaction between buyers and sellers of foreign exchange.

forward interest rate: the exchange rate at which the delivery will be made in a certain period in the future, and the buyer and the seller will sign a contract and reach an agreement in advance.

③ official exchange rate and market exchange rate

official exchange rate: the foreign exchange quotation between the domestic currency and other currencies authorized by the foreign exchange administration authorities of countries with strict foreign exchange control.

market exchange rate: the exchange rate of foreign exchange transactions in the free foreign exchange market in countries with loose foreign exchange control.

④ Nominal exchange rate and real exchange rate

Nominal exchange rate: the exchange rate officially announced or prevailing in the market without excluding inflation.

real exchange rate: the exchange rate excluding inflation on the basis of nominal exchange rate. Investigation contents

1. Required subject: Banking laws and regulations and comprehensive ability

Examination purpose: Through this subject examination, the ability of candidates to analyze and judge problems and handle basic business by using the basic knowledge of banking, banking-related laws and regulations, and the basic principles and professional ethics of banking practitioners is tested.

mainly examine knowledge points: economic and financial foundation, banking business, banking management, legal foundation of banking practice, banking supervision and self-discipline

2. Elected subjects: Banking Professional Practice-Banking Management

Examination purpose: To assess whether the candidates have reached the qualification level of banking managers and have the ability to perform their duties that matches the positions. It includes examining the degree of mastery of relevant economic and financial systems and regulations, management of banking financial institutions, protection of financial consumers' rights and interests, and highlighting the practical application and control ability of compliance management of banking financial institutions, risk control points of various basic businesses and corresponding regulatory requirements.

mainly investigate knowledge points: economic policy, supervision system, basic banking business, bank management and innovation, non-bank financial institutions and businesses, internal control, compliance management and auditing bank risk management, consumer rights protection and social responsibility in the banking industry

3. Selected subjects: Banking Professional Practice-Risk Management

Examination purpose: The risk management examination is based on the authoritative framework system of domestic and foreign regulatory standards. Closely combining the basic practice of domestic banking business and risk management, aiming at the basic cognition of all employees of banking institutions, especially grass-roots employees, we should unify the basic concepts and terms of risk management, master the basic knowledge of risk management, risk culture, risk limit, risk preference, three lines of defense and other basic contents, and pay attention to credit risk and operational risk related to grass-roots practical work.

mainly investigate knowledge points: risk management foundation, risk management system, capital management, credit risk management, market risk management, operational risk management, liquidity risk management, country risk management, reputation risk and strategic risk management, other risk management, stress testing, risk assessment and capital assessment, Banking Supervision and Market Constraints

4. Elected subject: Professional Practice of Banking-Personal Finance < P > Examination Purpose: Through this subject examination, test the examinee's mastery of basic knowledge and skills of personal finance, including the application of professional knowledge and skills such as financial investment market, financial products and financial business management; Test the candidates' mastery of relevant laws and regulations on personal financial services, customer classification and demand analysis, financial calculation tools, etc. Comprehensive use of the knowledge and skills of this subject, Do a good job in personal finance business legally and legally

The main knowledge points are: personal finance, laws and regulations related to personal finance business, financial investment market, financial products, customer classification and demand analysis, financial planning calculation tools and methods, workflow and methods of financial planners, financial service skills of financial planners, Other laws and regulations related to personal finance business

5. Elected subject: Banking Professional Practice-Corporate Credit

Examination purpose: Through this subject examination, test the candidates' ability to handle the basic business of bank corporate credit by using relevant knowledge in the field of bank corporate credit, including basic knowledge of corporate credit, operating procedures of corporate credit, analysis methods and management requirements, and laws and regulations related to corporate credit.

mainly investigate knowledge points: corporate credit, loan application acceptance and pre-loan investigation, loan demand analysis, loan environmental risk analysis, loan environmental risk analysis, customer analysis and credit rating, guarantee management, credit approval, loan contract and payment, post-loan management, loan risk classification and loan loss reserve provision, Non-performing loan management

6. Elected subject "Banking Professional Practice-Personal Loan"

Examination purpose: Through this subject examination, test the candidates' ability to apply the relevant knowledge of personal loan business of banks, including the basic knowledge and business management of personal loans, operational procedures and risk management of various business types, personal loan related laws and regulations, etc.

mainly investigate knowledge points: personal loan business foundation, personal loan management, personal housing loan, personal consumption loan, personal business loan, credit card business and personal credit information system.