There are two types of circumcision in India: male circumcision and female circumcision.

Female (male) circumcision is an ancient custom of injuring the genitals of female (male) children. It is mainly popular in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East.

But UNICEF reports that the practice is also common in Indonesia.

An estimated 60 million women in Indonesia have undergone female genital mutilation.

One of the purposes of circumcision is to provide men with a reliable method of "testing their virginity."

He could tell if the bride was a virgin by examining her.

Women's wounds are torn, then healed, and then torn again, and the cycle repeats itself in excruciating pain.

When the husband goes out to herd or work, this circumcision function can also be used to test the fidelity of his wife when he returns home.

In the past, circumcision was mainly performed by traditional professional "circumcisers".

In recent years, medical personnel have increasingly performed FGM, institutionalizing the ritual as a medical practice.

Many maternity clinics now offer circumcision as part of a complete birth package, done shortly after delivery, at no extra charge.

In Indonesia, circumcision is considered a required act of faith and part of tradition.

The majority of Indonesia's population adheres to the Shafi'i school of thought, which supports female circumcision.

Some local schools require both boys and girls to be circumcised.

The Indonesian government tried to ban the practice in 2006.

But the ban was opposed by the Islamic ulema, who claimed that female genital mutilation was part of a religious practice.