(1) China is the world economic center with budding capitalism and developed agriculture and handicrafts. After the opening of the new air route, the world is closely connected, and Guangzhou is the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road with convenient transportation. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guangzhou became the bridgehead of China's foreign trade, and the government implemented the policy of sea ban, leaving only Guangzhou for foreign trade. During the Qingming period, thirteen banks were established in Guangzhou and agreed to operate foreign trade.

(2) Features: With the rapid growth of international trade, great changes have taken place in commodities. Machine textiles in Europe replaced hand-made textiles, and colonial agricultural products replaced traditional tea and spices; Britain has become the commercial center of the world.

Reasons: After the industrial revolution, Britain's big machine production replaced manual labor, and it became an industrialized country from the beginning, with the west ahead of the East; The emergence of new means of transportation makes it easier to contact all over the world; Capitalists opened up the world market and seized colonies, which was the basic form of European and American capitalist countries dominating the world market in the middle of19th century.

(3) Features: international trade is almost stagnant, and the growth of international trade lags behind the growth of industrial production; Trade protectionism prevails.

Reasons: From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, capitalism entered the stage of imperialism, and major capitalist countries gradually abandoned the free trade policy and implemented trade protection; 1929- 1933 The world economic crisis has prompted governments to strengthen trade protection.

(4)① The relatively stable international situation and scientific and technological revolution after World War II promoted the rapid development of social productive forces and the establishment of international organizations; The establishment of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, GATT and various international organizations has promoted the formation of the world economic system and the liberalization of international trade, and gradually established an institutionalized and standardized world trade system; ③ The rapid development of information technology and traffic technology; The disintegration of the bipolar pattern; Most countries have implemented a market economy.

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