Scientific drilling is drilling for the purpose of earth science research. It is through drilling cores, cuttings and fluids (gas and liquid) in the rock stratum, conducting geophysical logging, and placing instruments in the borehole for long-term observation to obtain various geoscience information in the underground rock stratum. Scientific drilling on land is called continental scientific drilling.
The international geoscience community believes that only by directly observing and studying the active physical, chemical and biological functions, characteristics and processes in the crust through drilling can we gain a true and accurate understanding of geoscience, verify the conclusion of long-distance exploration and improve the reliability of exploration.
According to the agreement of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Conference held in Germany in September 1993, the scientific drilling depth is defined as: shallow hole 2000 ~ 4000 m (with deep core drilling rig), deep hole 4000 ~ 6000 m (with rotary drilling rig) and ultra-deep hole 6000 ~ 15000 m (with giant drilling rig). In addition, lake drilling is also a part of scientific drilling, and the drilling depth is generally10 ~ 500 m.
Continental scientific drilling is an epoch-making large-scale scientific project in contemporary earth science, the only way to solve the problems of population, resources and environment faced by contemporary human beings, and a great science to promote the development of earth science and related disciplines in the 2/kloc-0 century. Continental scientific drilling is developed from geological ultra-deep drilling, and its expected goal is mainly to study deep geological problems. In fact, through scientific site selection and shallow drilling, we can also study some major earth science problems and topics closely related to human survival, such as climate, environment, earthquake, safe disposal of toxic waste and so on.
Introduction of 1 ICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program)
The establishment background of 1. 1
1992165438+10 In October, the grand scientific forum organized by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) commented on the comprehensive international cooperation in ocean and continental drilling. 1 993 From August 3 1 day to September1day, the ICDP framework was put forward at the International Continental Scientific Drilling Conference held in Potsdam, Germany. On September 2nd, representatives from 15 countries attended the "Management Meeting of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Conference" on KTB site, and decided to set up an ICDP preparatory group, with Professor R.Emmermann of the German Earth Science Research Center responsible for drafting the relevant articles of association of ICDP. 1February, 996, the ICDP Enlightenment Book was officially released.
1.2 tasks of icdp
Obtain reliable funds, carry out effective planning and implement feasible plans of great significance to the overall situation;
Determine the place of international cooperation suitable for scientific drilling;
Ensure proper pre-site investigation;
Provide core technical support for drilling projects;
Ensure proper monitoring of the plan;
Ensure the effective dissemination of project results.
1.3 ICDP standard
Internationality-international cooperation in geological science, engineering technology and capital;
Global-carry out a big topic with global significance;
Must be drilled-a problem that must be solved by drilling;
Social needs-such as solving energy, minerals, geological disasters, climate, environment and other problems;
Drilling depth and cost-on the premise of meeting scientific objectives, try to reduce the difficulty of drilling;
The process of activity-study the geological phenomenon of current activity.
1.4 Difference between ICDP and ODP
ICDP—— The drilling site is in a certain country, which will benefit first; Study world-class scientific problems; Study 3.8 billion years of earth history; We must take "science" as the topic.
ODP- diversification of drilling location, conditions, hole depth and technology; Drilling on the high seas is a global plan; Study the earth history of1.800 million years; It is a scientific purpose in itself, and there is no need to label it as "science"; The main equipment is drilling ship, and the technology is relatively mature.
2 the role of continental scientific drilling
Study the physical and chemical processes of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and the best ways to reduce their effects;
Study the patterns and causes of recent earth climate change;
Study the impact of meteorite impact on climate and cluster extinction;
Study the nature of the deep biosphere and its relationship with geological processes, such as the formation and biological evolution of hydrocarbons and sediments;
Safe disposal of radioactive and other toxic wastes;
Source and evolution of sedimentary basins and oil and gas;
How the deposit is formed in various geological bodies;
Study the basic physical processes of plate tectonics, thermodynamics, material and fluid migration in the crust;
How to better interpret geophysical data used to understand the structure and properties of the crust?
3 Status of Continental Scientific Drilling
At present, the United States, Russia, Germany, Canada, Japan, France, Britain, Sweden, New Zealand, Belgium, Iceland, Australia, Austria and Switzerland have all conducted scientific drilling. The global plan is to complete nearly 100 scientific drilling, of which more than 10 deep drilling. Representative scientific drilling plans are as follows:
The following work has been completed:
1960, the United States proposed the International Upper Mantle Program (IUMP).
1965 implementation of deep-sea drilling plan (DSDP).
1970, the Soviet union began the ultra-deep drilling construction of SG-3 continent.
1983, ocean drilling program (ODP) started.
1984, DOSECC was established in the United States, and 29 scientific drilling holes are planned to be completed.
1987 Germany started the construction of KTB pilot hole, which was completed in 1989, and the final hole depth was 4000.1m.
1990, the main hole of KTB was started and completed in September 1994, and the final hole depth was 9101m.
0. Projects approved by ICDP plan in 20065438 and their implementation (see table below).
advances in earth science
3. 1 former Soviet Union
Scientific drilling in the former Soviet Union was the earliest and bore the most holes. After World War II, dozens of benchmark wells were implemented. 1965 established the implementation steps of ultra-deep drilling. According to the deep geophysical data, geologist Beliaev and others proposed that in order to obtain a complete crustal profile, scientific ultra-deep holes should be drilled in at least six areas. The State Science and Technology Commission of the former Soviet Union set up the "Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Underground Resources and Ultra-deep Drilling" for this huge plan, with 95 units participating, and former Minister of Geology E·A· kozlowski as the chairman. Design and construct 18 ultra-deep holes, of which SG- 1 hole design depth 12000m, SG-2 and SG-3 hole depth 15000m, and the rest 15 holes are pilot holes (satellite holes) with a depth of about 60. SG-3 ultra-deep well was drilled at 1970, with a design of 15000m and a final well depth of 12262m in March, 1986. It is the first deep well in the world at present. 1988, it was announced at the yaroslav International Conference on Scientific Drilling that the former Soviet Union had made 40 major scientific research achievements.
3.2 USA
Since 196 1, a series of offshore scientific drilling plans have been implemented, such as Moho plan, DSDP deep-sea drilling plan and ODP ocean drilling plan. , have made brilliant achievements. However, offshore drilling equipment is complex and expensive. 1993, they put forward a slogan: "put the ship ashore" and vigorously develop continental scientific drilling.
Continental Scientific Drilling Program (USA/CSDP);
Completed drilling projects include: INYO Well 1 ~ 4, Bayes Crater 1, Illinois Well (VC 1, VC2A, VC2B), Salton Lake, Long Valley, Kahongshankou and Upper Crustal Project.
There are more than 30 projects planned to be implemented, including deep coring drilling in Appalachia, ultra-deep drilling in Illinois Basin, ultra-deep drilling in the Gulf Coast of Texas and deep drilling projects in Hawaii Island (under implementation) with a depth of more than 6km.
In the 1990s, the United States will mainly implement five projects, namely, Novalaputa in Katmai, the third phase of Kahongshankou, the newly broken volcano project in Bays, Newark Basin drilling and basic drilling projects.
1974, the United States drilled the Continental Scientific Drilling Hole Rogers1(Betha Rogers N0.1) in Oklahoma with a depth of 9583m. 1985, under the leadership of the National Science Foundation, the "Continental Scientific Drilling Plan" (CSDP) was formulated, and 29 holes were selected, which made great achievements one after another: ① 1985, a scientific drilling plan (SSSDP) with high-temperature geothermal water research as the core was carried out in salton S2- 14 # hole. ② During the period of 1986, 10 scientific boreholes with an average depth of 5000m were successively drilled along the San andreas fault to monitor and study the occurrence mechanism of the California earthquake. The core magnetic orientation (accounting for 65,438+00%), thermal conductivity, thermal radiation, stress field and wave velocity were tested in the first hole of Cajon through hole construction. And it is found that the friction stress of the fault zone is close to 100 MPa, which leads to the local thermal conductivity anomaly 1 hfu(= 40mw/m2), as determined by the US Geological Survey. (3) The Los Alamos National Laboratory of the United States spent 10 years drilling two scientific boreholes in Fenton Hill, with a horizontal distance of 30m, to explore and develop "dry-hot rocks" for direct power generation, with depths of 3200m and 4500m respectively, reaching volcanic rocks directly. Hydraulic fracturing connects two boreholes to form a "hot chamber". The temperature at the bottom of the boreholes reaches 300℃, one borehole is injected with cold water, and the other borehole is discharged at 200℃. (4) The psychrophilic bacteria were found in the crystalline bedrock 2000 meters away from the scientific drilling hole built in Santandrea, which provided a basis for studying biological activities under the surface. Its distribution, total amount, its relationship with oil and gas generation, its relationship with surface biological activities, and even its relationship with biological origin, the boundary of underground biosphere, etc. , are left to scientific drilling to explore and solve.
3.3 Sweden and Western European countries
Encouraged by the discovery of hydrocarbons and other fluids in the deep underground by scientific drilling in the former Soviet Union, Sweden and other oil-deficient countries in Europe established the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Europe) and listed scientific drilling as a giant science. At first, Sweden built the Gravberg 1 hole in the Siriyan crater with a depth of 6350m, and obtained 85 barrels of oil and gas samples (about 18.5 t). After testing, its composition is the same as that of ordinary oil and gas, and it contains extremely fine magnetite powder, which attracts worldwide attention. Scientists concluded that oil and gas came from cracks in the upper mantle and belonged to abiotic sources, and then arranged another scientific drilling hole named Steinberg 1.
3.4 Germany
From KTB to1September 2, 993, the drilling depth was 8312.5m (when the hole depth was 8008.6m, the ground temperature was 2 15℃). The main scientific achievements made by KTB at present are as follows: ① The temperature change and heat transfer in the deep part are confirmed, and the crustal thermal structure as deep as 6 kilometers is found out; ② Deep geophysical exploration data (reflection earthquake, geoelectricity, gravity and magnetic anomalies, etc.). ) correction, find out the nature and heterogeneity of geophysical structure; (3) The discovery of the source, composition and movement law of fluids in the earth's crust is of great significance for exploring new energy sources and exploring the genesis of ore deposits; ④ The stress distribution data as deep as 6km is the deepest in the world at present, which is of great significance for predicting earthquakes, volcanoes and other disasters; ⑤ It is found that the earth's magnetic field still exists below the Moho surface, which is a major breakthrough in theory.
KTB has also developed a series of new technologies and processes in practice, the most important of which are: ① The giant drilling rig has been developed and used, and the automation of drilling equipment has made great progress. Main technical indicators of KTB drilling equipment: drilling rig height is 83m, total equipment weight is 2500t, 10000m drill pipe weight is 400t, maximum hook load is 800t, total power is 9500kW, mud pump flow rate is 1000 ~ 4000 L/min, working pump pressure is 350bar, and total mud tank volume is 450m3. ② A vertical drilling system (VDS) has been developed and used. With this technology, when the drilling depth reaches 7000 meters, the top angle of the drilling hole shall not exceed 2, and the horizontal displacement of the drilling hole shall not exceed 20m. Because VDS system is not used in the pilot hole, the horizontal displacement reaches180m when the drilling depth is 4000m. (3) He has accumulated valuable experience in construction organization and management, information acquisition, utilization, release and field laboratory.
4. Technical challenges faced by continental scientific drilling.
Need deep hole heavy equipment, complicated drilling structure, limited pipe strength, serious bending of drilling hole, increased rotary resistance and long auxiliary time;
Crystalline rock-low drilling efficiency, short bit life, serious borehole bending and difficult deviation correction.
High temperature and high pressure-mud performance deteriorates, drill pipe strength decreases, wellbore stability is poor, and logging instrument performance decreases. High information content-high coring heart rate and coring quality, logging system, fluid sample collection, deep field laboratory, etc.
Introduction of CCSD in China.
5. 1 historical review
1988 suggests making a scientific drilling plan for Chinese mainland.
199 1, the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources began to organize the "Pilot Study and Site Selection Study of Chinese mainland Scientific Drilling".
1992 geological scientific drilling project is listed in the outline of national medium-and long-term scientific and technological development plan.
1995165438+1October, the leaders of the State Council approved China to join the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP).
1February 1996 China officially became one of the three major sponsors of ICDP.
1In August, 1996, the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources and the German Geoscience Center signed a cooperation agreement on Dabie-Sulu scientific drilling.
1In June, 1997, the National Leading Group for Science and Technology approved the "China Continental Scientific Drilling Project" as one of the major national scientific projects in the Ninth Five-Year Plan.
1In August, 1997, the "International Symposium on Site Selection of Continental Scientific Drilling in Dabie-Sulu Ultra-high Pressure Metamorphic Zone" sponsored by ICDP was held, and Chinese and foreign experts unanimously agreed to carry out 5000m scientific deep drilling in Donghai County, northern Jiangsu.
1April, 1998, ICDP deliberated and approved the project of "China Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh pressure metamorphic belt continental scientific drilling", and gave economic support of 6,543,800+500,000 US dollars.
From 1998 to 65438+February to 1999, the pilot hole construction with a depth of 1000m was completed in Maobei Town, Donghai County, Jiangsu Province, in order to provide necessary information for the construction design and main hole construction of CCSD and accumulate construction experience.
1at the end of September, 1999, after nearly 10 years of efforts, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the State Planning Commission officially approved the establishment of a scientific drilling project in Chinese mainland, marking the formal implementation of the project.
From March 28th to 29th, 2000, more than ten experts organized by China Consulting Company of the State Planning Commission conducted an expert demonstration on the feasibility study report of the Chinese mainland scientific drilling project (part of the project). At the meeting, more than ten experts unanimously agreed to pass the report. Since then, the scientific drilling project in mainland China has officially entered the design and construction stage.
On June 25th, 20001year, the pilot hole of China Continental Scientific Drilling Project finally started trial drilling in Donghai County, Jiangsu Province.
On August 2, 20001year, the State Planning Commission approved the preliminary design of the scientific drilling project in mainland China and started construction.
On August 4th, 20001year, the foundation laying ceremony of China Continental Scientific Drilling Project was held in Donghai Drilling Site, Jiangsu Province. Wan Guoquan, Vice Chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, attended the ceremony, and various news organizations rushed to report it.
April, 2002 15, the well depth was 2046.5m, and the pilot hole was drilled.
On May 7th, 2002, the main hole reaming drill was started.
At 0: 45 on August 27th, 2002, the reaming depth was 2028m, and the reaming was completed.
On June 10, 2002, core drilling of the main hole began.
On March 8th, 2005, the drilling was successfully completed, and the final hole depth was 5 158m.
On April 8, 2005, the completion ceremony was held in the construction site of Chinese mainland Scientific Drilling. Vice Premier the State Council attended the ceremony and delivered an important speech.
On March 6th, 2006, China International Continental Scientific Drilling Committee (ICDP- China) was established in Beijing. The director is, and the deputy directors are, An Zhisheng and Huang. Academician Liu Dongsheng, Academician Sun Shu, Academician Liu Guangding, Academician Li Tingdong and Academician Liu Guangzhi. Be hired as an expert in the advisory group of the Committee.
5.2 Basic requirements and conditions of construction
Design well depth: 5000m.
Final hole diameter: inch (157mm)
Coring requirements: continuously coring from the whole well.
Stratigraphic conditions: hard crystalline rocks, such as gneiss, eclogite and amphibole.
Temperature gradient: 2.5℃/ 100 m.
The purpose of 5.3
Through the shortest drilling distance, the vertical continuous change information of the deepest part can be obtained, and the true deep material composition, structure, rheology, geochemistry, petrophysics, fluid, geothermal, geostress and modern microbial profiles can be established, and the geophysical telemetry results can be corrected, so as to establish the global geophysical scale of the deep crystalline rock area.
Reveal the mystery of the formation and exhumation mechanism of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic belt, and study the dynamics of convergent continental crust edge, which lays the foundation for the establishment of continental dynamics theory.
The geological background and metallogenic mechanism of diamond and rutile (national defense and aerospace materials) in ultra-high pressure metamorphic belt are studied, which opens up a new prospecting direction.
Discover new minerals and new substances in the deep mantle, and explore mineral chemistry and structural behavior under ultra-high pressure physical conditions.
Study the enrichment, distribution and migration of modern crustal fluid, explore its deep source, and reveal the influence of deep water circle activity and water-rock interaction on diagenesis and mineralization;
Based on the study of modern microorganisms living deep underground, this paper reveals the biological clock time limit of underground biosphere, the incubation conditions of microorganisms and their effects on diagenesis, mineralization and oil generation under extreme conditions (high temperature and high pressure).
Various detection instruments are placed in the borehole to monitor seismic activity, study earthquake mechanism, and reveal modern crustal activity and various physical, chemical and biological effects in the deep part of the earth. At the same time, drilling can be used as a long-term, dynamic, high-temperature and high-pressure diagenetic and metallogenic laboratory and mineral synthesis cavity to complete many important scientific experiments that cannot be carried out under surface conditions.
Promote the development of drilling engineering technology and related fields in China. Promoting the development of drilling technology in China will make many drilling application fields catch up with the world advanced level quickly, and promote the development and progress of engineering science, experimental testing, mechanical technology and superhard materials. Continental Scientific Deep Drilling System will develop and improve the methods and techniques of deep geophysical telemetry, and become an experimental field to test the forward and backward theory of deep geophysics.
Train hundreds of trans-century geoscience research and management experts, meet the talent demand of conventional scientific drilling engineering and related scientific research in China in 2 1 century, promote the combination and intersection of geoscience with physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, economy and management science, and provide opportunities for developing new disciplines.
5.4 Eight Scientific Objectives of CCSD
(1) reveals the formation and exhumation mechanism of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks.
(2) Reconstruct the deep material composition and structure of the convergence boundary of continental plates.
(3) Establish geophysical model and interpretation scale of crystalline rock area.
(4) Study the geodynamics and crust-mantle interaction at the convergent edge of the plate.
(5) Revealing the mechanism of ultrahigh pressure metamorphism and mineralization, and discovering new minerals and new substances.
(6) Explore the fluid-rock interaction and metallogenic mechanism of modern crust.
(7) Studying the types of microorganisms in the modern crust and their incubation conditions.
(8) Provide scientific basis for resource development and exploration of earthquake occurrence mechanism.
5.5 Project Site Selection and Drilling Subproject
Principle of site selection: aim at the area with great key geological significance; Serve the three major problems of resources, environment and disasters faced by human society; A high degree of geological and geophysical research; The stratum is as flat as possible, free from granite interference, and can cross as many horizons as possible; Technically feasible (especially low geothermal gradient); Convenient transportation, relatively flat terrain and convenient communication.
1In August, 1997, the international symposium on the site selection of continental scientific drilling in Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh pressure metamorphic belt was held in Qingdao, China. Chinese and foreign experts unanimously agreed to carry out 5000m scientific deep drilling in Maobei Town, Donghai County, northern Jiangsu Province. The borehole is located in the Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt with global geoscience significance, and the shortest distance drilling can obtain the deepest geoscience information. Donghai County and its nearby areas have developed economy, convenient transportation and communication, and sufficient water and electricity supply, which is an ideal place for drilling wells in the mainland.
5.5. 1 Technical Problems in Drilling Construction
Drilling (reaming) efficiency in hard formation, large-diameter full-hole coring technology in deep-hole hard rock, deviation prevention and correction technology in hard formation with large dip angle, hydraulic design and drilling fluid technology in deep-hole and small gap interval, unpredictable complex situation, etc.
Technical objective
Matching the drilling technology system of deep hole (5000m) and large diameter (the final hole diameter is not less than156mm) in hard rock; Make China's unique hydraulic hammer drilling technology more perfect and further consolidate China's leading position in hydraulic hammer's technical field; Research and develop new composite coring drilling systems based on wireline coring, such as downhole motor/wireline coring two-in-one drilling tool, hydraulic hammer/wireline coring two-in-one drilling tool and their corresponding drilling technologies, and their achievements will occupy a leading position in the world; Drive the further development of manufacturing technology and application technology of drilling instruments and drilling materials in China, and make them catch up with the advanced world level.
5.5.3 Double-hole drilling scheme: pilot hole+main hole.
After the pilot hole is drilled, the upper part of the main hole is fully drilled with large-diameter hydraulic hammer, which is beneficial to prevent well deviation; Small-diameter coring in pilot hole replaces large-diameter coring in the upper part of main hole, saving construction cost; Obtain the underground stratum information needed for accurately designing the main hole drilling technical scheme; Drilling tools and materials used in the main hole can be tested in the pilot hole.
5.5.4 Composite drilling technology: oil rotary drilling rig+geological core drilling technology.
Taking diamond rope coring drilling technology as the main body; Using diamond coring bit, high rotation speed; Small hole wall clearance, high pump pressure and small displacement; Adopt low solid content washing liquid; There are high requirements for WOB control.
5.5.5 Pilot hole drilling technology
Screw motor+diamond double-tube coring drilling, screw motor+hydraulic hammer+diamond double-tube coring drilling, rotary table+diamond double-tube coring drilling, screw motor+diamond single-tube coring drilling. Among them, screw motor+hydraulic hammer+diamond coring drilling technology is particularly outstanding, which is the first in the world and has remarkable effect, which can significantly improve the penetration rate and extend the length of coring footage.
5.5.6 Main Drilling Techniques
The original design plan used diamond rope coring drilling and added hydraulic power head device. The wireline coring drilling technology was abandoned due to the processing quality problems of the wireline coring drill pipe and the insufficient output torque of the power head. The main hole is basically based on screw motor+hydraulic hammer+diamond coring drilling technology.
Drilling rig -ZJ70D
A new generation of electric drilling rig produced by Baoji Petroleum Machinery Factory. The drilling depth is between 5000 and 7000 meters; ; Maximum hook load: 4500kN；; The maximum weight of drill string is 220 tons; The maximum input power of the winch is1470 kw; ; The lifting speed of the hook is 0 ~1.6m/s; The number of winch teeth is 2+2R, with stepless speed change; The number of winch teeth is 4+4R, with stepless speed change; The height of drill floor is 9m; The height of the rig is 45 meters.
5.5.8 Drilling tools, drill bits and flushing fluid (omitted)
5.6 Achievements in Earth Science
A series of 5 158m gold pillars have been completed, including lithologic profile, geochemical profile, structural profile, rock gamma anomaly profile, mineralization profile, petrophysical profile and fluid profile.
For the first time in China, the core depth and azimuth logging homing of long interval has been completed.
Three-dimensional seismic exploration in crystalline rock area was completed for the first time, revealing the fine structure of the crust.
The 5000m lithologic profile of the main hole of Chinese mainland Scientific Drilling reveals more than 50 colorful rock types. A new industrial rutile ore body with a thickness of 400 meters was found under the original rutile ore body.
It is proved that there was a spectacular geological event of super-deep subduction of huge amounts of materials in Sulu area 200 million years ago. It is confirmed that the Sulu terrane experienced a dynamic evolution process of rapid uplift after ultrahigh pressure metamorphism in the late Triassic.
It is found that the main minerals of UHP eclogite contain structural water in the form of OH.
The study of oxygen isotope shows that the protolith of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks exchanged with the near-surface atmospheric precipitation, and the intrusion of granite provided a heat source for it, which provided important evidence for the Neoproterozoic global snowball event.
The Sulu high-pressure metamorphic ultrahigh-pressure structural framework is established, and the large-scale ductile shear zone system of rock-structural units and structural boundaries is determined.
It involves geometry, kinematics and dynamics.
The occurrence state of anatase, brookite, sphene and rutile in rutile-bearing eclogite and their possible mutual transformation relations are revealed.
Underground microorganisms are found under extreme living conditions.
5.7 drilling technology achievements
A continuous coring scientific drilling with a final hole diameter of 156mm and a final hole depth of 5 158mm was completed.
The downhole motor-driven percussive rotary coring drilling method and its drilling system with independent intellectual property rights are studied and developed.
Form a complete and unique deep hole drilling construction technology system in hard rock (above 5000m) in China. Including: large diameter coring drilling technology (the final hole diameter is not less than 156mm), hard rock reaming drilling technology, deviation prevention and correction technology for strongly inclined strata, new hard rock drilling fluid system, hard rock small gap casing cementing technology, movable casing technology, etc. It has improved China's unique hydraulic hammer drilling technology and further consolidated China's leading position in the technical field of hydraulic hammer.
A variety of new combined coring drilling systems based on wireline coring have been researched and developed, such as: bottom hole motor (screw motor or turbine motor)+wireline coring two-in-one drilling tool, hydraulic hammer+wireline coring two-in-one drilling tool, screw motor+hydraulic hammer+wireline coring three-in-one drilling tool and their corresponding drilling technologies. The results are in the leading position in the world. It has greatly promoted the further development of manufacturing technology of drilling tools and drilling materials in China.
A Brief Introduction to the Continental Scientific Drilling (CSDP) in Chicxulub, Mexico
Its scientific goal is to study meteorite impact events and the extinction of biological clusters. The drilling hole is located in Chicxulub crater, Mexico, about 60 ~ 80 km away from the impact center, with the designed hole depth of 2,500 ~ 3,000 m. The planned implementation period is 1998 ~ 2005, and several shallow drills have been completed, but the actual implementation time has been delayed. In 2000, the pilot hole with a depth of 700 meters was started. ICDP will support $654.38 million.
About 65 million years ago, an asteroid or comet with a diameter of about 10 ~ 15 km hit the shallow sea area at that time (today's Yucatan platform), and the energy released by the sudden explosion was about1100 million tons of TNT equivalent, forming a huge crater with a diameter of 200km. Fire is imminent, dust covers the sky, and the global climate continues to get cold; And spewed out a lot of CO2 and SO2 gas, causing suffocation and death of a large number of land and marine life. It was in this geological age that dinosaurs suddenly became extinct. Therefore, scientists speculate that this impact may be the direct cause of dinosaur extinction. During the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, scattered materials formed by dust, ash and small spheres thrown into the air by impact spread all over the world.
The basic problems that CSDP is expected to solve include: the basic nature of meteorite impact event, the basic nature of impact deformation, the basic nature of crater formation and the basic nature of ejection process.
7 Lake drilling
Global change research is one of the scientific goals of ICDP. At present, scientists all over the world attach great importance to it. The evolution of the earth's climate and environment is recorded in sediments such as oceans, lakes, glaciers, loess, corals, stalactites and tree rings. If these undisturbed sediment samples are collected by some shallow scientific drilling, and all kinds of research are carried out by using modern test and analysis instruments, the global change model can be established objectively. There are many active institutions to study global change in the world, and there are also many shallow scientific drilling projects. For example, International Geosphere/Biosphere Project (IGBP), Northern and Southern Hemisphere Palace (Panash), Polar-Equatorial-Polar Cross Section from Europe to Africa (PEP), Circumpolar Paleoenvironment Program (CAPE), International Ocean Global Change Research (images), International Continental Drilling Project (ICDP), Quaternary Environment in Northern Europe and Asia (Queen), New Greenland Ice Core Project (Ngrip). Besides ODP and other offshore drilling, lake drilling is dominant.
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/(China Committee of International Continental Scientific Drilling, website of China Continental Scientific Drilling Engineering)
Http://www.icdp-online.de/ or http://icdp.gfz-potsdam.de (website of International Continental Scientific Drilling Program).