Since the beginning of19th century, people have discovered some dispersed elements, and at that time, they knew almost nothing about their uses and natural production. The main reason is that the industry was backward at that time, and their content in natural substances (such as rocks) was very low, so it was impossible to extract them (вввано). виии(вернадскирви)in 1909 ~ 650。 In the early stage of World War II, due to the new technological revolution, some dispersed elements have been applied to a certain extent, and it is necessary to find mineral resources of dispersed elements. At that time, geoscientists mainly paid attention to the geochemical characteristics of some dispersed elements and looked for resources with economic value.
The study of dispersed elements has gone through the following four stages:
The first stage: from the end of 19 to12, only a few scientists (such as Wleügel, S.,1879; O. vogel,1894; C. Rimatori,1905; Yu Erban, C. 1909) began to study dispersive elements. The research work at this stage mainly focuses on indium, germanium, cadmium, thallium, gallium and other elements, and the research object is some dispersed elements in sphalerite. During this period, B.и Wernatsky (1910) made the greatest contribution. He was the first to analyze a large number of sphalerite samples by spectrometry, obtained first-hand information, and highly summarized and summarized the distribution characteristics of indium, thallium, germanium and cadmium. In 1922, he introduced the concept of dispersed elements.
The second stage: after the first stage, it was interrupted for about 20 years, and a new round of geochemical research on dispersed elements began in the 1930s. At this stage, scientists from the former Soviet Union and the West analyzed and studied the dispersed elements in various minerals, ores and tailings of different deposits by spectral method (Goldschmidt, V.M.,1954; Graton, Los Angeles,1935; Papish, J.,1929; Altman, J,1940; H. Romeyn,1933; Stoiber, Royal Mail,1940; Warren, H.1945; Абрамов,Ф.И., 1939; Боровик,С.А, 1938, 1939, 194 1; Гольдшмидт,В.М, 1939; Сауков,А.А., 1934; щербинавв, 1940, 1949), it should be pointed out that at this stage, the famous geochemist ви.
The third stage: After the Second World War, mainly in 1950s and 1960s, due to the high-sensitivity quantitative analysis method, the accuracy of the test data of dispersed elements was improved, and people began to study the geochemical behavior of dispersed elements in different diagenesis and the physical and chemical conditions for the migration of dispersed elements. In the third stage, Shaw, D.M.( 1952) published a geochemical article on indium and thallium in the journal Geochemistry and Cosmology, and comprehensively expounded the migration and enrichment laws of indium, thallium, gallium and other elements during magmatism and sedimentation in the monograph Physics and Chemistry of the Earth published by 1957. воскренская, нт. (1956,190. L. (19 1) and Mookherjee, A.( 1962) studied the distribution characteristics of cadmium in different types of rocks and minerals, on. H.( 1956) and уковаас. (1959, 1960, 1964) and others have studied mineral rocks. At this stage, the Institute of Rare Element Minerals and Geochemistry of the Soviet Academy of Sciences did a lot of work in the study of dispersed elements, such as mineralogy, raw material basis and economic value of dispersed elements, which played a great role in the economic development at that time and laid the foundation for future research. However, the number of dispersed elements involved in their research work is too small, and the metallogenic regularity revealed is also one-sided. виноградв, ап. (1944,1956,1959. Later. щербина in particular, at this stage, Soviet scientists ввиванов (1966) At the same time, Sindeeva, N.D.( 1964) also published a book Mineralogy and Deposit Types of Selenium and Tellurium, in which the microscopic characteristics, chemical composition and natural occurrence of 35 kinds of selenium minerals and 36 kinds of tellurium minerals were described in detail, and the crystal structures of some of them were also analyzed. This book studies the mineralization of selenium and tellurium in magmatic deposits, volcanic deposits, hydrothermal deposits and exogenous deposits, and also studies the main geochemical behaviors of selenium and tellurium in the mineralization process of endogenetic rocks. In short, during this period (mainly in the 1950s and 1960s), great progress was made in the study of dispersed element mineralogy and mineral deposits in the international community, especially in the former Soviet Union, and a few scientists in China conducted research, which laid a solid foundation for future research.
The fourth stage: after the third stage, the study of dispersed elements was at a low ebb for a long time and reached a climax in the late 1980s and 1990s. Since 1980s, there have been sporadic reports of scattered element deposits abroad, such as Pecks gallium germanium deposit in Utah, Pakahaka selenium deposit in Bolivia and Chumbu germanium deposit in Namibia, but the mineralization of scattered elements has not been systematically summarized. At this stage, scientists from China (Chen Yuchuan, Mao Jingwen,1996; Cao Zhimin, Luo Yaonan, 1993,1996; Song, 1989,1996; Zhang Shuling (1988) discovered tellurium, germanium and selenium independent deposits in southwest China, and the mineralization of dispersed elements became a research hotspot. During the period of 1990, the independent thallium deposit in Lanmuchang, Guizhou Province was studied in the "low temperature geochemistry" research project funded by the research group of Academician Tu Guangchi, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chen,1989; Zhong Zhang (1999) and Lincang independent germanium deposit in western Yunnan (Zhang Shuling,1988); At the same time, Academician Chen Yuchuan of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and other researchers from Sichuan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources and Chengdu University of Technology discovered an independent tellurium deposit in Dashuigou, Shimian County, Sichuan Province (Chen Yuchuan, Mao Jingwen,1996; Cao Zhimin, Luo Yaonan, 1993, 1996), Yutangba independent selenium deposit was discovered in Enshi County, southwest Hubei Province in the late 1980s (Song,1989; Wang Hongfa, 1996). On the basis of the above research, Academician Tu Guangchi analyzed the superior geological background of dispersed element mineralization in China, and thought that there might be a concentrated area of dispersed element deposits in the large-scale low-temperature metallogenic domain in southwest China. Under the guidance of this academic thought, the key fund research project of "Metallogenic Mechanism of Dispersed Elements" was put forward, and the dispersed element deposits in China were systematically studied with the support of the National Natural Science Foundation. This paper mainly studies the contribution of metallogenic geological background, tectonic environment, rock characteristics, mineralization alteration, element and isotope characteristics, element occurrence state, ore-forming fluid, biology and organic matter to the formation of the deposit. Migration, enrichment, leaching and adsorption of some dispersed elements (germanium, tellurium, etc.). ); The occurrence state of dispersed elements determines three existing forms of dispersed elements: independent minerals, isomorphism and adsorption. By means of electron probe, Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, powder photography, mineral microphotometer and organic matter analysis, the three existing States of dispersed elements were studied. Some dispersed element metallogenic belts and some large and super-large non-ferrous metal deposits are predicted. At the same time, the environmental effects of some dispersed elements were also studied. Tu Guangchi and others comprehensively summarized the metallogenic mechanism and prospecting direction of dispersed elements, put forward the concepts of independent deposits of dispersed elements and extraordinary enrichment of dispersed elements, classified dispersed element deposits according to their industrial significance and mineralization degree, and discussed the metallogenic specificity of dispersed elements and the favorable factors for their concentrated occurrence in southwest China. The occurrence forms of dispersed elements in different deposits are summarized, and many new discoveries have been made in dispersed element minerals. At present, due to the progress of analysis, testing and experimental means, and the existence of dispersed element ore concentration areas in a large-scale low-temperature metallogenic domain in southwest China, especially the discovery of independent dispersed element deposits, these superior geological environments and the improvement of people's understanding level and thinking mode have made the mineralogy and geochemistry of dispersed elements, especially the role of organic matter in the mineralization process of some dispersed elements, especially the proposal of independent dispersed element mineralization theory, have obvious development and original innovation significance. The research results at this stage provide a more solid theoretical basis and prospecting direction for the in-depth study of dispersed element geology and geochemistry and the search and development of dispersed element mineral resources.