Yaoquan Chen
Shenzhen Polytechnic
Abstract: In order to cultivate technical applied talents, Industry-University-Research cooperative education must be implemented in higher vocational education. The forms of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research in higher vocational colleges mainly include: school-enterprise co-construction of practical teaching base, school-enterprise cooperation in teaching activities, on-the-job training in enterprises, and school-enterprise cooperation in scientific and technological development. In order to carry out cooperative education in Industry-University-Research smoothly, it is necessary to establish a sound organization and a good operating mechanism. The organizational structure of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research is mainly composed of the school board of directors and the professional management committee, and the operating mechanism needs to establish mutually beneficial internal relations among schools, enterprises and scientific research institutions. The smooth development of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research in higher vocational colleges needs to establish a good guarantee mechanism, such as relevant laws and regulations and preferential policies.
Keywords: higher vocational talents training; Industry-University-Research cooperative education; Operating mechanism; safeguard measure
It is an important trend of China's higher education reform to carry out cooperative education in Industry-University-Research in colleges and universities. 1998 "the State Council central Committee's decision on deepening education reform and promoting quality education in an all-round way" points out that it is necessary to "strive to change the situation that education is out of touch with economy and science and technology, and promote the close integration of education and economy. To implement quality education in higher education, we must strengthen the combination of Industry-University-Research and vigorously promote the cooperation among institutions of higher learning, industries and research institutes. " In order to meet the demand of social and economic development for applied talents, higher vocational education must strengthen exchanges and cooperation with enterprises and scientific research institutions, and carry out all-round cooperation in Industry-University-Research. Since its establishment, shenzhen polytechnic has been paying attention to meeting the needs of local economic development. The teaching and scientific research of the college are closely combined with enterprises, and an effective attempt has been made in cooperative education in Industry-University-Research.
First, the teaching mode of higher vocational education and cooperative education in Industry-University-Research
According to the description in the International Standard Classification of Education issued by UNESCO 1997, higher vocational education is practical and classified into specific occupations, the main purpose of which is to enable students to acquire practical skills and knowledge needed to engage in a certain occupation or industry. Students who have completed this level of study generally have the abilities and qualifications needed to enter the labor market. " From this description, we can see that higher vocational education trains applied talents who face a certain occupation or industry and master the skills and knowledge needed to engage in a certain occupation or industry. From the 1990s to the present, China has conducted a lot of theoretical research and practical exploration on the education and teaching mode of higher vocational education.
After years of exploration and practice, China's higher vocational colleges have formed a unique teaching mode of higher vocational education. Its contents include: 1. In terms of personnel training objectives, we should cultivate applied talents facing the front line of production, management and service, and cultivate students' noble professional ethics and skilled professional skills. 2. In terms of specialty setting, the school is special.
Shen Yaoquan, male, vice president of shenzhen polytechnic.
Industrial setting serves local economic and social development and is market-oriented. When the industrial structure is adjusted and the demand structure of professional talents changes, the school can adjust the professional structure in time to ensure that talent training adapts to the changes in market demand. 3. In terms of teaching content and curriculum system, the teaching content and corresponding curriculum system are determined with professional ability and quality education as the main line. In order to meet the needs of cultivating various technical application abilities and vocational skills, the form of curriculum system often forms a modular structure. 4. Pay attention to the combination of theory and practice in the teaching process and methods. The interactive mode of theory and practice is adopted in the teaching process, and classroom teaching and work practice are organically combined to achieve the training goal of sufficient theoretical knowledge and skilled operation skills. 5. The training base consists of an experimental training room on campus and an off-campus practice base. In the process of practical training, we can not only cultivate students' operational skills, but also cultivate students' professional ethics and interpersonal skills. 6. Teachers have the characteristics of "double-qualified". Teachers in the school are required to have high professional level, strong technical application ability and practical ability, and at the same time, experts from enterprises and society are invited to take the podium to bring new knowledge, new technology, new technology and practical experience into the school and teach them to students.
Industry-University-Research's cooperative education is a new education and teaching mode which is different from the traditional higher education. It makes use of both school and society to arrange theoretical course study and social practice reasonably, so that students can better master knowledge, understand society and cultivate quality. This model makes full use of the advantages of universities, enterprises and scientific research institutions in talent training, combines school education with the process of production and scientific research, and focuses on imparting theoretical knowledge in class and cultivating practical ability. It can not only enable students to master professional theoretical knowledge, but also cultivate students' good professional skills, noble professional ethics and interpersonal skills, thus achieving the training goal of quality education.
In the cooperative education in Industry-University-Research, the close combination of college teaching with enterprise production and scientific research can effectively cultivate students' professional ethics and professional ability, which fully reflects the requirements of higher vocational colleges to cultivate applied talents. Therefore, cooperative education in Industry-University-Research is an inevitable requirement to realize the training goal of applied talents in higher vocational colleges, and vigorously developing cooperative education in Industry-University-Research should become the development direction of higher vocational education in China.
Second, the form of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research.
During the development of China, Industry-University-Research's cooperative education has produced many different forms. From the practice of our hospital, there are mainly the following forms.
1. Enterprises donate teaching instruments and equipment to schools.
It is common for enterprises to donate money to schools. The enterprise donated production equipment and instruments to the school for teaching purposes, and established a preliminary cooperative relationship with the school through donation activities, which laid the foundation for further in-depth cooperation in the future. In addition to donating production equipment and instruments, enterprises also donate computer application software. In the process of using software products, schools can feed back the problems in use to enterprises in time, which is conducive to improving and improving product quality. In addition, the donation activity itself also helps to enhance the corporate image and expand the product popularity, and the resulting effect is sometimes much better than the deliberate publicity effect.
Since its establishment, our hospital has obtained equipment and software donated by many enterprises inside and outside Shenzhen. For example, Heidelberg (Shenzhen) Company donated photocopiers and photocopiers worth millions of yuan to our hospital. Taiwan Province Microfabrication Group donated 20 sets of Athena clothing design software to the college; Shenzhen Quota Station and Sveijin Computer Company * * * donated construction engineering pricing software worth millions of yuan. By the end of 2000, our hospital had received 985 sets of equipment 19 1 set donated by enterprises, with a total value of 22.652 million yuan. These equipment and software have played an important role in the teaching of our college, and also brought the distance between enterprises and schools closer, creating conditions for further in-depth cooperation.
2. School-enterprise practice teaching base * * *
Students' practical ability is very important for higher vocational education to cultivate applied talents. From the current experience, it is an effective means to cultivate students' practical ability to cooperate with enterprises to build on-campus training rooms and off-campus practice bases. The training in the training room helps students to understand the theoretical knowledge they have learned more deeply and form operational skills. In the off-campus practice base, students participate in practical work or management, so that they can master practical skills faster in the real working environment and better cultivate their professional ability and interpersonal skills.
In the process of building an on-campus training room and an off-campus practice base, our college attaches great importance to cooperation with enterprises. At present, the college has 15 on-campus training rooms, a large part of which are established in cooperation with enterprises. For example, Shenzhen Feiyue Rainbow Co., Ltd. donated business information management system software, servers and cash registers to the college to support the construction of a professional training room for shopping mall management; Tongguang Nortel Company provides program-controlled exchange instruments and equipment, and builds a program-controlled exchange training room with the college. Based on the principle of mutual benefit, the college has also established a stable off-campus practice base of 1 16 in cooperation with a group of enterprises with advanced equipment, high technical level and good operating efficiency. Our college cooperated with enterprises to establish practical teaching bases inside and outside the school, which not only facilitated students' practice and employment, but more importantly, through practical training, students became familiar with the basic situation of the industry and various rules and regulations, which played a very important role in cultivating students' professional skills and professional ethics.
3. School-enterprise cooperation in teaching activities
School-enterprise cooperative teaching is an important form of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research. Due to the limitation of teachers and facilities in the school, it is impossible to conduct all training courses in the school. In order to better cultivate students' practical ability and make full use of the resources of off-campus practice bases, there are many practical courses taught by enterprise technical experts or directly offered in enterprises. According to different disciplines and majors, the practical courses offered by enterprises in various majors of the college range from 10 to 15 weeks each year, accounting for about 1/4 to 1/3 of the total hours. For example, the "plate making" (32 hours) course of the 98-grade printing major in the Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of our college is to hire the current engineers of the enterprise to teach, while the "elevator installation and maintenance" (140 hours) course of the 99-grade mechanical engineering major is a practical course offered directly in the enterprise. In addition, our college often invites enterprise technical experts and management experts to visit our school and give special lectures to bring the latest technology, technology and management concepts to our school.
4. The school conducts enterprise-oriented training.
The regional characteristics of higher vocational colleges require schools to contribute to the economic and social development of their regions. Because the school has relatively concentrated teaching resources, in addition to holding formal academic education, it can also carry out on-the-job training for enterprises according to the needs of enterprises to cultivate urgently needed professionals for enterprises. This is also an important form of cooperation between higher vocational colleges and Industry-University-Research. In recent years, our college has made full use of existing teaching resources and accepted the entrustment of some enterprises and institutions to carry out on-the-job training. So far, it has trained more than 65,438+0,000 people.
5. Schools cooperate with enterprises and scientific research units to popularize technology and develop science and technology.
Today's society is a society with rapid development of science and technology. In order to meet the social demand for technical talents, higher vocational education must keep up with the development of new technology and introduce the development and changes of technology into teaching in time. In order to deeply and timely understand and study the development of technology and its new requirements for applied talents, it is necessary for higher vocational colleges to strengthen cooperation with enterprises in scientific and technological development.
From the depth of cooperation, the scientific and technological cooperation between our institute and enterprises and scientific research units includes two aspects: technology popularization and application and scientific and technological development cooperation. In the promotion of new technologies, our institute has established a number of technical consultation and training centers in cooperation with enterprises and institutions to cultivate new technical talents for the society. For example, the College and Ji You Systems (Asia-Pacific) Co., Ltd. of the United States jointly established the UG and SOLID EDGE Software Training Center in South China, and held many training seminars on UG and SOLID EDGE software technology, training more than 150 users in Guangdong and Hong Kong. Therefore, both the Ministry of Science and Technology and UG Company of the United States regard our institute as the technology promotion center of CAD. In terms of scientific and technological development, our institute has signed contracts with some large enterprises and famous research institutions to carry out cooperative research. For example, 1998, the jewelry design and technology specialty of our institute signed an agreement with Shenzhen Aita Jewelry Company to carry out jewelry design and production research; 1999 College signed a contract with the National Engineering Research Center of Mold CAD of Shanghai Jiaotong University to jointly carry out research in the field of mold CAD. Our hospital has also cooperated with some enterprises to develop domestic small central air conditioning system, ultrasonic cleaning machine, advanced sewage treatment and other projects, and enterprises have also made prototypes and samples for our hospital.
This deep cooperation with Industry-University-Research not only helps to improve teachers' scientific research ability and level, but more importantly, enables higher vocational colleges to stand at the forefront of scientific and technological development and master the initiative of talent training, so as to better play the technical support role of higher vocational education to local economy.
Thirdly, the organization and operation mechanism of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research.
The smooth development of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research in higher vocational colleges needs to establish a sound organizational structure and an effective operating mechanism.
1. Organization of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research
As far as our college is concerned, the organization and management of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research is mainly accomplished through the college board of directors and professional management committee.
(1) The board of directors of the college makes overall planning.
At present, Shenzhen Vocational College implements the board management system. The board of directors of the college is composed of leaders of municipal government departments, heads of large companies and college leaders, and is responsible for reviewing the development plan and major issues of the college. Because some members of the board of directors come from enterprises, they are very familiar with the talent needs of enterprises. Therefore, the board of directors can generally ensure that the talent training of the college is closely integrated with the needs of society and enterprises.
In addition to planning, the board of directors of our college also plays an important role as a bridge in the cooperation between enterprises and schools. The administrative officials in the city often lead the bosses of large enterprises to visit the school and do the communication work of school-enterprise cooperation. The leaders of the Municipal High-tech Industry Office also mobilized high-tech enterprises in the Science Park to provide internship conditions for our college.
(2) The professional management committee is responsible for the specific implementation.
It is stipulated in vocational colleges that when each major is established, a professional management committee composed of industry and professional experts and professional teachers should be established. The Professional Management Committee is responsible for determining the training objectives of this major and the knowledge structure standards related to professional posts (including abilities, skills, knowledge and professional ethics, etc.). ). The professional management committee holds regular meetings to study the professional teaching plan, put forward suggestions on the training objectives, curriculum design and teaching content of professionals, and provide support for the cooperation between majors and enterprises in teaching, scientific research, student internship and employment. So far, there are 38 professional management committees in the hospital, and * * * has hired more than 400 experts from outside the school as members of the management Committee. The off-campus experts of the professional management Committee of our college are very serious and responsible. Generally, you can participate in a teaching and research activity, visit an off-campus base, participate in a graduation thesis defense or graduate employment guidance every year. These members of professional management committees from production enterprises and research institutions have given comprehensive guidance and support to specialty setting, teaching content and curriculum system, practical teaching, graduate quality and employment, which has effectively promoted the development of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research.
2. The operating mechanism of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research.
To establish an effective operating mechanism of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research is to make schools, enterprises and scientific research institutions benefit from each other in the process of cooperation, so that cooperation has internal motivation and can be sustained. In Industry-University-Research cooperation, enterprises provide equipment, teaching venues and teachers for school teaching. At the same time, the school also provides technical support for enterprises to develop new products, and transports a large number of outstanding talents for enterprises to meet the demand. Up to now, our institute has sent more than 4,000 qualified professionals to various enterprises and institutions in Shenzhen, making contributions to enterprise production and local economic development in Shenzhen.
In order to establish and strengthen the mechanism of mutual benefit between schools and enterprises, schools can formulate relevant measures to encourage students to work in cooperative enterprises, and give financial and personnel support to scientific research projects of school-enterprise cooperation. In addition, the school can also strengthen exchanges and cooperation between the two sides by supporting cooperative enterprises to set up scholarships and research and development funds in the school.
Fourthly, the guarantee mechanism of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research.
65438-0985, Shanghai University of Engineering Science used the experience of Canadian cooperation in running schools for reference, and carried out the pilot project of cooperation in running schools for the first time in China. Since then, many universities in China have tried cooperative education in Industry-University-Research and achieved a series of results. After years of practice, the talent training mode of Industry-University-Research's cooperative education has been widely recognized by universities and business circles, and has also been strongly supported by the education authorities. 1997 On June 5438+00, the State Education Commission officially issued a document to approve the pilot work of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research in 28 universities across the country, and organized an expert group to conduct a mid-term inspection and investigation on the pilot work on June 5438+0999. Nevertheless, the cooperative education in Industry-University-Research is still restricted by many external factors, such as the lack of corresponding laws and regulations, and many problems are encountered in the development process. For higher vocational education, the current higher vocational education is in an important period of rapid development, and it is more urgent to establish a good external guarantee mechanism for cooperative education in Industry-University-Research.
1. Formulate relevant laws and regulations, and clarify the important position of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research in the training of higher vocational talents. In countries with earlier development of vocational and technical education, the relationship between vocational colleges and industries is very close, and the talent training mode of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research is widely adopted. In China, although the importance of Industry-University-Research's cooperative education for the training of higher vocational talents is gradually recognized by people, it is far from being taken seriously and the relevant laws and regulations are not perfect. The relevant statement of the Higher Education Law is: "The state encourages institutions of higher learning to cooperate with enterprises, institutions, social organizations and other social organizations in various forms in scientific research, technology development and popularization." The Vocational Education Law requires that "vocational schools and vocational training institutions should combine production with education, serve local economic construction, keep close contact with enterprises, and cultivate practical talents and skilled workers." Although the above-mentioned laws and regulations involve the combination of universities, enterprises and society, they do not mention Industry-University-Research's cooperative education, nor stipulate its important position in higher vocational education, so it is difficult to be used as a legal provision that universities and enterprises must abide by and implement. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve the relevant provisions of the Higher Education Law, the Vocational Education Law and other educational laws and regulations, clarify the important position of Industry-University-Research's cooperative education in the training of higher vocational talents in legal form, and bring Industry-University-Research's cooperative education in higher vocational colleges into the legal track.
2. Deepen the reform of education management system and expand the autonomy of higher vocational colleges. In order to strengthen the cooperation with enterprises, higher vocational education needs to flexibly adjust the specialty setting and enrollment, and must have autonomy in running schools. However, from the current situation, many higher vocational colleges rely on the government to run schools, which makes the schools lose the internal pressure and motivation to run schools in cooperation with enterprises, thus making it difficult to cultivate applied talents that really meet the needs of society. Therefore, China should further deepen the reform of the management system of higher vocational education, and the administrative departments should simplify administration and decentralize power, giving schools full autonomy in running schools and creating space for the development of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research.
3. Formulate relevant preferential policies to support cooperation between higher vocational colleges and enterprises in running schools. Scientific and technological development in higher vocational colleges, especially high-tech research and development, not only needs to invest a lot of money in the early stage, but also has high risks. Therefore, the cooperation between schools and enterprises to develop new technologies needs the support of the government in terms of funds and policies. In cooperation projects such as establishing practical teaching bases and popularizing new technologies, the government also needs relevant preferential policies in taxation, import and export, intellectual property rights and so on.
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