2. Blockchain related laws and regulations, prescribed plans, notices, etc.
First, the blockchain in my eyes:
Just like its name, it means that an area is connected into a block, eventually forming a mosaic of many blocks, each block has a node, which can carry different things. For example, if you buy a box of apples at this node and the seller sells it to you for 100, you can know that the last farmer who planted apples sold it to the seller for 50 pieces through this chain, and the information is open and transparent, which can uncover the layers of veil in the process of transaction, service and communication; Personally, I think that blockchain is not decentralized, but a combination of all centralization, because each node is a small center, and all centers are connected to form a complete blockchain database, instead of isolating a thing into a point and spreading it out, it needs the cooperation of each node. This is a kind of thinking mode. A carrier is based on distributed charging and storage, but there is no centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights and obligations of any node are equal, which is a data block in a system.
Baidu Encyclopedia and 360 Encyclopedia are new application modes of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, knowledge mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies according to the definition of "China Blockchain Technology and Application Development White Paper (20 16)" by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
On March 3rd, 2065438, KLOC-0, the course "Blockchain Technology Principles and Development Practice" was officially introduced into the lecture hall of colleges and universities, and the first course was held in xidian university South Campus. 20/kloc-in April, 2008, a group of scholars from Oxford University announced the establishment of the world's first blockchain university-Woolf University. On May 29th, Baidu Encyclopedia launched a new blockchain function to ensure fair and transparent entry editing.
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Second, bitcoin in the author's eyes:
Digital currency, developed based on the application of blockchain technology, is a legal tender, which challenges the legal rules and causes many social and property risks. We need to carefully evaluate the legal problems that may arise in the application of blockchain technology and think about countermeasures. Regulatory issues ...
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Blockchain in a narrow sense is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in chronological order, which is cryptographically guaranteed to be an unbreakable and unforgeable distributed ledger.
Generalized blockchain technology is a brand-new distributed infrastructure and computing method. It uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node identification algorithm to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses intelligent contracts composed of automated script codes to program and manipulate data. Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, * * * knowledge layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer, which encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; The network layer includes distributed networking mechanism, data distribution mechanism and data verification mechanism. * * * knowledge layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of * * * knowledge algorithms of network nodes; The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the distribution mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; The contract layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain (the wide application of blockchain technology is inseparable from smart contracts, and the so-called smart contracts define commitments in the form of digital coding. There is no need for both parties to trust each other, and all transactions are enforced by code. However, the validity of the form and content of smart contract has not been officially recognized by law and judicature, and it is still uncertain whether the contract text embodied in digital coding form can constitute the elements of a valid contract and whether it can conform to the authenticity, legality and validity of the evidence accepted by judicial organs. ); The application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain.
Blockchain has developed from blockchain 1.0- digital currency to 2.0- digital assets and smart contracts and then to blockchain 3.0——DAO, DAC (Blockchain Self-Coordination Organization, Blockchain Self-Coordination Company)->; Blockchain society (science, medical care, education, blockchain +AI). From cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin to tracking free-range broilers in China. Patent applications related to cryptocurrency (not included in the blockchain patent category) increased by 16% in 20 17 years, reaching 602. China applied for 225 blockchain patents in 20 17, and 59 patents in 20 16.
Followed by the United States (last year 9 1, 20 16 years 2 1). The core advantage of its architecture: any node can create a transaction, and after a period of confirmation, it can reasonably confirm whether the transaction is valid, and the blockchain can effectively prevent the occurrence of problems on both sides. Trying to rewrite or modify the transaction record is very expensive.
Blockchain realizes two kinds of records: transaction and block. Transactions are actual data stored in the blockchain, and the blockchain is a record that confirms when and in what order certain transactions become part of the blockchain database. Transactions are created by participants using the system in the normal process (in the case of encrypting digital currency, transactions are created by B sending tokens to A), and blocks are created by units we call miners.
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Characteristics of (partial) blockchain:
1. Decentralization: Distributed bookkeeping and storage are used, and there is no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations of any node are equal, and the data blocks in the system are maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system.
2. Openness: The system is open, except that the private information of the parties to the transaction is encrypted, and the blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the whole system information is highly transparent. (Private property is encrypted and public property is transparent)
3. Autonomy: The blockchain adopts consensus-based norms and protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms), so that all nodes in the whole system can exchange data freely and safely in an untrustworthy environment, and the trust in "people" is transformed into trust in machines, and any human intervention will not work.
4. Information cannot be tampered with: once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be permanently stored. Unless more than 565,438+0% nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, it is invalid to modify the database on a single node, so the data stability and reliability of blockchain are extremely high.
5. Anonymity: Because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, their data interaction does not need trust (the procedural rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective or not), so the counterparty does not need to let the other party trust itself through public identity, which is very helpful for the accumulation of credit.
To sum up, the author realizes that blockchain is a system and an innovative application of algorithm technology. As long as ethical issues and moral hazard are not involved, there will be no national supervision and legal regulation.
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refer to
1. Zheng Huimin: "Blockchain method: Some countries determine the nature of virtual currency and digital tokens" is a big wind from the media.
2. Cao Lei: Blockchain, Another Possibility of Finance. Chief Financial Officer 2005 2065438+24.
3. Wang Wenyan: "Safe and transparent public ledger-blockchain". Shanghai securities news China Securities Network.2065438+February 26th, 2006.
4. Jiang Runxiang; Wei Changjiang: Application progress and value of blockchain. Financial vision. Z2,20 16。
5. What exactly is a "blockchain"? What does it have to do with ordinary people? Netease Technology.2065438+August 5, 2006.
6. Liu Jinyu: "Hong Kong Securities Regulatory Commission issued an announcement to remind digital currency that it will take enforcement action when necessary" 2065438+February 9, 2008.
7. Su Dedong: On the legal regulation and risk of blockchain. All china lawyers association.