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Analysis:
In order to protect the earth from the threat of global warming in the 21st century, in December 1997, representatives of 149 countries and regions held the third meeting of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Tokyo, Japan. After intense and difficult negotiations, the meeting adopted the Kyoto Protocol aimed at limiting the greenhouse gas emissions of developed countries to curb global warming.
according to the Kyoto protocol, by 21, the amount of six greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, emitted by all developed countries will be 5.2% lower than that of 199, and developing countries have no obligation to reduce emissions. For developed countries, the reduction targets that must be achieved from 28 to 212 are: compared with 199, the European Union will cut 8%, the United States will cut 7%, Japan will cut 6%, Canada will cut 6%, and Eastern European countries will cut 5% ~ 8%. New Zealand, Russia and Ukraine can stabilize their emissions at the 199 level without cutting them. The Protocol also allows Ireland, Australia and Norway to increase their emissions by 1%, 8% and 1% respectively compared with 199. Kyoto Protocol needs to be ratified by at least 55 countries that account for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions before it becomes effective in international law. In March this year, the EU Environment Ministers' Meeting ratified the Kyoto Protocol. In June, Japan also ratified the Kyoto Protocol. So far, more than 55 countries have ratified the Protocol, but the greenhouse gas emissions of the ratifying countries are only 36% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions, which is not enough to make the Kyoto Protocol come into effect.
The population of the United States accounts for only 3% to 4% of the global population, while the carbon dioxide emissions account for more than 25% of the global emissions. The United States signed the Kyoto Protocol in November 1998. But last March, Bush announced his refusal to implement the Kyoto Protocol on the pretext that "reducing greenhouse gas emissions will affect the economic development of the United States" and "developing countries should also undertake the obligation to reduce and limit greenhouse gas emissions".
The actions of the United States delayed the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol. Because the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, only Russia, which accounted for 17% of the total carbon dioxide emissions in 199, ratified the Kyoto Protocol, can meet the above requirements. Russia ratified the Kyoto Protocol on November 18th, 24, which finally enabled the Kyoto Protocol to enter into force on February 16th, 25. Its significance is not limited to environmental protection.
On August 3th, 22, Ambassador Wang Yingfan, Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations, deposited with UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan China's ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. China signed the Protocol on 29 May 1998. On September 3, 22, Premier the State Council of China announced in his speech at the World Summit on Sustainable Development that China had ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
For a developing country like China, the significance of the Kyoto Protocol is not limited to environmental protection. The established principles such as clean development mechanism (CDM) will also bring business opportunities to many enterprises.
The clean development mechanism is one of the three flexible mechanisms for greenhouse gas emission reduction stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol.
It is understood that CDM projects have entered China since 22. In the second half of 22, Dutch * * * and China * * * signed a contract for the first CDM project in China, Phaeton Siler Wind Farm in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The contract stipulated that the average annual carbon dioxide emission reduction of this CDM project was about 54, tons, and the emission reduction period was 1 years. China enterprises investing in this project have obtained a total income guarantee of about RMB 27 million. For the Xiaogushan hydropower project, the project investor is the pilot carbon fund of the World Bank. The total credit for carbon dioxide emission reduction of this project is 3,723, tons, so the Chinese investment company Xiaogushan Hydropower Company will receive an investment of nearly 15 million US dollars.
"The entry into force of Kyoto Protocol is really good news for many enterprises. This international agreement aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions will bring new financing means to China enterprises. " Li Junfeng, an expert on clean development mechanism project of National Development and Reform Commission and secretary-general of renewable energy professional committee of China Resources Comprehensive Utilization Association,
The purpose of CDM is to build such a market between developed and developing countries. However, developed countries obtain emission rights by investing in projects that can generate emission reduction quotas in developing countries, which means that the market for trading greenhouse gas emission rights is put in developing countries. The most fundamental driving force lies in the lower marginal cost of emission reduction in developing countries.
The Kyoto Protocol has brought China not only environmental pressure, but also international market competition in the future. At present, the signatory countries of Kyoto Protocol have occupied most of the international market, and established the rules of the game to protect the environment in this market. Only energy-saving and low-pollution products can stand firm in this market. Therefore, the Kyoto Protocol is also a trade agreement in a sense, and only by being more familiar with its rules can we really protect our own interests. Send a new signal to China: there will be a charge for occupying atmospheric space. In the short term, the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol has little impact on China, even beneficial; But in the long run, China will face more and more pressure.
On the surface, Kyoto Protocol is an environmental issue, but in essence it is an economic, energy and political issue. All environmental problems are problems of economic growth mode and energy growth efficiency. The essence of the Kyoto Protocol's requirement to reduce and limit the emission of greenhouse gases involves the total energy consumption and efficiency.
Therefore, what China needs to do now is to adjust the energy structure, take the path of "circular economy" and transform from "two highs and one low" (high input, high emission and low output) to "two lows and one high" (low input, low emission and high output).
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