Knowledge points of 2020 Economic Basic Examination for Intermediate Economist: Management of Commercial Banks
Knowledge points: the operation and management of commercial banks
(A) the meaning of commercial banks
1, the definition of commercial bank:
Also known as deposit money bank, it mainly deals in industrial and commercial deposits and loans and provides customers with various financial services; It is the core part of the financial system, with a large number of institutions and wide business penetration, accounting for a large proportion of total assets.
2, the nature of commercial banks:
The most typical is the bank, which provides financing services for industrial and commercial enterprises mainly in the form of deposits and loans, and handles the settlement business of financial enterprises.
① Compared with general industrial and commercial enterprises.
Commercial banks are financial enterprises and undertake the function of financing.
② Compared with central banks and policy banks.
Commercial banks aim at making profits; Central banks and policy banks are usually not for profit.
③ Comparison with non-bank financial institutions
Non-bank financial institutions have narrow business scope, incomplete credit business, or do not use bank credit financing; Commercial banks have a wide range of business and all kinds of business, and they are the only financial institutions that can absorb demand deposits.
(2) Functions and organizational forms of commercial banks
1. Main functions of commercial banks
2. Organizational forms of commercial banks
(1) Classification by institution setting:
① Single banking system: A single banking institution has no branches (American state banks);
② Banking system of the head office: the head office has multi-level branches (adopted by all countries in the world).
(2) Classification according to business scope: The state stipulates by law.
Specialized banking system: traditional banking business (deposits, short-term industrial and commercial loans), other long-term credit business, securities investment business, trust business, insurance business, etc. Operated by professional banks and non-bank financial institutions;
② Comprehensive banking system: the financial management authorities do not restrict the business scope and types of commercial banks, which is also called "universal banking system".
(3) The main business of a commercial bank
1. Debt business: Debt business is the business that constitutes the source of funds for commercial banks. The sources of funds of commercial banks include self-owned funds and foreign capital absorption.
External funding channels: taking deposits, borrowing from the central bank, interbank lending, issuing financial bonds, borrowing from the international money market, etc.
(1) Deposit absorption (mainly): Classification of deposit absorption: demand deposit, time deposit, savings deposit, deposit business innovation, etc.
(2) Borrowing business: rediscounting or borrowing from the central bank, interbank lending, issuing financial bonds, borrowing in the international money market, short-term capital occupation in the settlement process, etc.
2. Asset business: the business of commercial banks using accumulated monetary funds is the main business activity of commercial banks to obtain income.
(1) Bill discount:
Mode: Banks buy bills that are not due and charge a certain interest, which is called discounted interest;
Essence: the bank lends money to the holder indirectly through discount.
(2) Loan business:
According to the return cycle: short-term, medium-term (1-5 years) and long-term;
According to loan terms:
Credit loan: loans are issued with the credit of the borrower;
Secured loans: secured loans, mortgage loans and pledged loans.
According to the purpose:
Capital loan: a loan for the purpose of purchasing fixed assets or updating equipment, which is an investment loan;
Commercial loan: a loan for the purpose of purchasing raw materials and trading commodities, which belongs to the cyclical nature of production or operation;
Consumer loans: loans granted to individuals for consumption.
(3) Investment business:
Banks hold securities;
The investment scope is limited.
3. Intermediary business (risk-free business): handling entrusted matters such as monetary payment for customers without using its own funds, and obtaining handling fees from them.
(1) settlement business: including cash settlement and transfer settlement.
Transfer settlement: Non-cash settlement business, in which commercial banks transfer money from the payer's account to the payee's account, complete currency receipt and payment, and collect settlement fees from customers.
(2) Trust business: the business in which the trust department of a commercial bank accepts the entrustment of customers, manages, manages or handles monetary funds or other property on behalf of the entrusting unit or individual, and collects handling fees.
(3) Leasing business: including financial leasing and operating leasing.
(4) Agency business: A business in which a commercial bank acts as an agent for part of the economic affairs agreed upon by both parties and collects a handling fee from them. For example, commercial banks are entrusted by the financial department to issue and honor national debt.
(5) Consulting business: economic forecasting, feasibility analysis of investment projects, etc.
(4) Operation and management of commercial banks
1. principle
(1) Profit principle: get the highest possible income.
(2) Liquidity principle:
Maintain a certain proportion of cash assets or assets that are easy to realize;
The ability to get cash.
(3) Safety principle: the principal and interest shall be recovered on schedule.
2. The relationship between the principles:
(1) Asset profitability and liquidity: negative correlation;
(2) The profitability and safety of assets are negatively correlated.
(5) deposit insurance system
1, definition
The deposit insurance system, also known as the deposit guarantee system, refers to an institutional arrangement in which deposit financial institutions insure with deposit insurance institutions according to the amount of deposits they absorb and the prescribed insurance rate. When the deposit institution can't meet the depositor's withdrawal requirements due to the business crisis, the deposit insurance institution pays the insured deposit to the depositor, thus protecting the depositor's interests, maintaining the bank's credit and stabilizing the financial order.
Deposit insurance systems in different countries have different organizational forms, but generally speaking, there are three main types:
First, the government establishes deposit insurance institutions, such as the United States, Britain and Canada.
Second, the government and banks should establish deposit insurance institutions, such as Japan and Belgium.
Third, with the support of the government, banks jointly set up deposit insurance institutions, such as Germany, France and the Netherlands.
(1) included in the scope of deposit insurance.
According to China's Deposit Insurance Regulations, all deposit-taking banking financial institutions, including commercial banks (including wholly foreign-owned banks and Sino-foreign joint venture banks), rural cooperative banks and rural credit cooperatives, should take out deposit insurance.
Insured deposits include both RMB deposits and foreign currency deposits.
(2) Not covered by deposit insurance.
According to international practice, deposits of foreign banks in China and overseas branches of Chinese banks are not covered by deposit insurance in principle.
Inter-bank deposits of financial institutions, deposits of senior managers of insurance institutions in this insurance institution and other uninsured deposits stipulated by the deposit insurance fund management institution are also not covered by insurance.
2. Payment limit
Deposit insurance is subject to limit payment, and the maximum payment limit is RMB 500,000. In other words, if the sum of the principal and interest of all deposit accounts of the same depositor in an insurance institution is less than 500,000 yuan, it will be paid in full; The part exceeding 500,000 yuan shall be compensated from the liquidation property of the insurance institution. This limit is not fixed. The People's Bank of China, together with the relevant departments of the State Council, may make adjustments according to factors such as economic development, changes in deposit structure and financial risks, and report to the State Council for approval before promulgation and implementation.
3. Source and application of deposit insurance fund
The source of funds for the deposit insurance system is mainly the premiums paid by financial institutions according to regulations, and depositors do not need to pay premiums.
(1) The sources of deposit insurance funds include:
(1) Insurance premiums paid by insurance institutions;
② Property distributed in the liquidation of insurance institutions;
(three) the income obtained by the deposit insurance fund management institution from the use of the deposit insurance fund;
(4) Other lawful income.
(2) The use of deposit insurance funds shall follow the principles of safety, liquidity, preservation and appreciation, and be limited to the following forms:
① Deposited in the People's Bank of China;
(2) Investing in high-grade bonds such as government bonds, central bank bills and financial bonds with high credit ratings;
③ Other forms of fund utilization approved by the State Council.
4. Payment situation
When a deposit-taking financial institution is taken over, cancelled or bankrupt, the depositor has the right to ask the deposit insurance fund management institution to use the deposit insurance fund to repay the insured deposit of the depositor within the prescribed limit. The specific situation includes: ① the deposit insurance fund management institution acts as the takeover institution of the insurance institution; ② The deposit insurance fund management institution shall liquidate the cancelled insurance institution; ③ The people's court ruled to accept the bankruptcy application of the insurance institution; ④ Other circumstances approved by the State Council. The deposit insurance fund management institution shall pay the deposit in full and on time.