However, we must be soberly aware that a large population and a small population are the basic national conditions of our country. China has a total land area of 9.6 million square kilometers, accounting for about115 of the world land area, ranking third in the world. However, due to the large population, the per capita land area is less than 1/3 of the world average. In the total land area of China, deserts, glaciers, Gobi, Rocky Mountains and alpine deserts, which cannot or are difficult to use, account for a considerable part. According to statistics, China currently has 14 cultivated land? 300 million mu, per capita less than 1? 3 acres, only the world's per capita 1/4. The provinces with per capita arable land less than 1 mu are1/3,0? Less than six acres. Historically, the per capita arable land in China was much higher than it is now, such as 9? 6 mu, per capita in Tang Ming 12? Six acres. There are five people in the world with 26 people? Among the countries with a population of over10000000, China's arable land per capita is only higher than that of Japanese and Bangladeshi, ranking 24th, which is equivalent to 1/9 in the United States, 1/4 in Thailand and 1/2 in India and Pakistan. The reserve resources of cultivated land in China are insufficient. According to statistics, there are only 500 million mu of wasteland suitable for agriculture, of which only 1? 700 million mu. It is true that China is vast and rich in resources, but it is also true that China is relatively poor in land resources in terms of per capita possession. We can't think and do things without this basic national condition, especially when we study agriculture based on land, and we should always keep this basic national condition in mind. ?
(2) At present, the population of our country is still expanding day by day, but the cultivated land is decreasing sharply. This grim situation is very worrying. According to statistics, during the 29 years from 1957 to 1986, the cultivated land in China decreased by 6? 1 100 million mu, with a net decrease of 2? 300 million mu, with an average annual net decrease of 7.9 million mu. 1986 after the promulgation and implementation of the Land Management Law, the trend of sharp decline in cultivated land was once controlled, but it has rebounded in the past two years. In 1993 alone, the cultivated land in China decreased by 9.37 million mu, equivalent to the cultivated land area in Qinghai Province. According to the National Family Planning Commission, China now has a net increase of 1? 6 million, equivalent to a 3.5-fold increase in the population of Qinghai Province. By 2000, the population of China will reach 65.438+0.3 billion, and by 2040, it will reach the peak of 65.438+0.6 ~ 65.438+0.7 billion. If we don't curb this trend of sharp decline in cultivated land and sharp increase in population, the per capita cultivated land in China will drop to 0 in 50 years. 6 mu,/kloc-how much arable land will be left for our descendants after 0/00 years? ! ?
The cultivated land area in China has been greatly reduced, and human occupation is an important reason. According to rough statistics, 1992, the construction, the adjustment of agricultural internal structure and the establishment of development zones occupy as much as 1? More than 0 million mu. Generally speaking, in the period of rapid national economic growth, it is inevitable to occupy cultivated land due to the expansion of construction scale, the adjustment of industrial structure and the acceleration of urbanization. However, such a large occupation is intolerable in any country, especially a country with a large population and a small land, not to mention that a considerable part of it belongs to indiscriminate occupation. 1987 conducted a nationwide inventory of non-agricultural land and found out the illegal occupation of land. 00,000 pieces, illegally occupying 810.6 million mu. 1993 national clean-up development zone, in the newly established 2? Of the 804 development zones at all levels, 78% are randomly set up, involving a land area as high as 1? 1.43 million mu. ?
Another profound crisis faced by agricultural land in China is serious soil erosion and deterioration of land ecological environment. At present, China's soil erosion area has reached more than 3.6 million square kilometers, land desertification area has reached 6.5438+600 million square kilometers, and desertification area has reached more than 2.6 million square kilometers. A large number of cultivated land and grassland are swallowed up every year. If effective measures are not taken as soon as possible, the area of soil erosion and desertification will continue to expand. People familiar with history will never forget that the Silk Road, which was once prosperous in the Tang Dynasty, has become a desert today due to the destruction of the ecological environment. Yin Jian is not far away. We should learn this painful lesson and never repeat the mistakes of history. ?
The situation of land resources restricts the development of national economy, affects all aspects of society and is related to the rise and fall of the Chinese nation. The protection, utilization and development of land is an overall and long-term work. It is necessary to carry out extensive, in-depth and lasting education on caring for land, especially cultivated land, and enhance the people's awareness of land hardship. It is necessary to firmly establish the basic national policy concept of "cherishing and rationally utilizing every inch of land and effectively protecting cultivated land" and strictly manage land according to law. It is necessary to implement the target responsibility system for leading cadres during their term of office, properly handle the relationship between economic development and rational use of land, resolutely stop the wind of indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land, and reverse the sharp decrease of cultivated land. ?
(3) To solve the problem of insufficient cultivated land in China, we must face the whole country, fully tap the potential, engage in agriculture as much as possible, and make land use more reasonable and land quality higher. ?
We should speed up the comprehensive development of agricultural land reserve resources. In addition to more than 500 million mu of wasteland suitable for agriculture, there are 3.9 billion mu of grassland and 29? 400 million mu, inland waters 5? 3.9 billion mu, coastal beaches 3? 0 million mu, part of which has yet to be developed, and the output rate of the developed part is still far from that of developed countries. Due to human factors such as mining, brick burning, coal-fired power generation, road construction and earth borrowing, more than 200 million mu of land has been abandoned, of which more than 70% is cultivated land. Most of these lands are located in densely populated and scarce areas, and only 2% can be cultivated. We should use traditional agricultural technology and modern scientific and technological means to make rational use of all available agricultural land as much as possible. We should take the road of "big agriculture", adjust measures to local conditions, cultivate when appropriate, graze when appropriate, forest when appropriate, and fish when appropriate. It is necessary to pay attention to immediate interests, medium-term effects and long-term development, and pay equal attention to economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits, so as to avoid repeating the wrong practices of blindly reclaiming grasslands, reclaiming farmland around lakes, destroying forests and farmland and seriously damaging the ecological environment in history. ?
According to different natural conditions and local economic development, the land use mode should be adjusted reasonably. In recent years, some places have used low hills to develop cash crops, such as trees, tea and woody oil. It not only makes full use of the land resources of barren hills and slopes, but also frees up land with better conditions for cultivated land; In some places, fast-growing trees are used to green barren hills and improve the ecological environment, and then gradually replaced by economic trees to increase land yield; With the strengthening of economic strength, some places have planned and adjusted the land for farmers' houses and township enterprises, appropriately concentrated and scattered villages, moved villages located in cultivated land to land unsuitable for cultivation, and advocated building more buildings. Where conditions permit, these practices can be gradually promoted. ?
We should rely on scientific and technological progress, increase investment and improve land quality. In China, low and medium yield fields account for more than 70%. Through irrigation and water conservancy construction, seed improvement, fertility improvement, and appropriate improvement of multiple cropping index, we will strive to transform low-yield fields into medium-low-yield fields, and medium-low-yield fields will be transformed into high-yield fields, which will become high-yield fields one floor later, thus greatly increasing the output of agricultural products. Where conditions permit, it is also an effective way to improve the land output rate by organically combining planting, aquaculture and processing industries to form a three-dimensional agricultural production system with multi-level, multi-industry, efficient operation, virtuous ecological cycle and technical standardization. There is also great potential to increase the accumulation and growth of forest land per unit area and expand the area of high-quality grassland to increase the output of livestock products.
(4) Developing Northwest China is a big article. Northwest China is characterized by a vast territory and a sparse population. Except the west of Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang have 2.96 million square kilometers, accounting for 3 1% of the total land area, and the reserve resources of cultivated land account for 32? 3%, while the population accounts for only 7% of the country. Northwest China is rich in light and heat resources and underground mineral deposits, with a boundary of 3? /kloc-The Eurasian Continental Bridge, with a length of more than 0/000 kilometers, runs across the east and west, and has many advantages in developing economy and foreign trade. The development of northwest China is not only of great strategic significance for promoting the development of agriculture in China, solving the imbalance of regional economic development, and strengthening the unity of China ethnic family, but also will have a far-reaching impact on strengthening the stamina of China's development and maintaining the country's long-term stability in the next century. To study the agricultural land in China and the future development of China, we must study the development of northwest China. ?
Due to the limitation of natural conditions, it is really difficult to transform many places in northwest China into agricultural land, but there are also many places with broad prospects for developing into agricultural land. The key to development in some places lies in water. As long as there is water, agriculture can develop, and as long as there is sufficient water resources, the output and total output of grain can be greatly improved. To solve the problem of water shortage in northwest China, some important measures must be taken. First, use water as much as possible to develop food production and large-scale afforestation. The second is to advocate rational water conservation, adopt advanced irrigation technology and develop water-saving agriculture. Third, speed up water conservancy construction, leave water in the northwest as much as possible, especially for water conservancy projects with strategic significance in northwest construction, and speed up research and demonstration and make decisions and implement them as soon as possible. The fourth is to study water transfer outside the region. Some experts put forward a plan to transfer water from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches of the Yellow River, which has been studied for many years. There are also plans to divert water from Yarlung Zangbo River across Kunlun Mountain to Xinjiang, and from Heilongjiang South to Inner Mongolia and North China. If these schemes are feasible, they are of great significance to the reconstruction and development of northwest China and other water-deficient areas. ?
The article "Developing Northwest China" must be done by the people of the whole country and generations. Local governments should give full play to their enthusiasm, and the central government should also give support and guidance to improve the comparative benefits of agriculture in northwest China and mobilize the enthusiasm of local and farmers to grow grain, trees and grass. As long as our policies are in line with reality and local and farmers have the enthusiasm to develop and utilize land resources and develop agriculture, the cultivated land and green area in northwest China can be continuously expanded. As long as the greening reaches a certain level, the ecological environment in the northwest can be improved. Once the ecological environment in the northwest is greatly improved, it will have an immeasurable effect and influence on our country, our nation and our future generations. ?
(5) China's topography is characterized by high in the west and low in the east, which leads to the loss of a lot of valuable water resources in vain. The distribution of water resources in the south is more than that in the north, which leads to frequent floods in the south and general drought and water shortage in the north. Especially due to the seasonal and regional imbalance of rainfall, droughts and floods often occur in different places at the same time, or at different times in the same place. In some places, the dry season is scorching, the land is cracked, the rivers are cut off, and it is very difficult for people and animals to drink water; In some places, heavy rains and floods have flooded large areas of farmland, villages and towns, factories and mines. In the past two thousand years, there was a drought in China. 1? More than 600 times, flood 1? Over 300 times. Continuous natural disasters have caused a lot of soil erosion, land salinization and desertification are serious, and farmland has been destroyed in a large area, which has brought endless disasters to the people and great losses to the country. ?
In order to overcome natural disasters and seek survival and development, our ancestors fought tirelessly, showed extraordinary wisdom and great strength, and created valuable experience and epic achievements. Dayu's flood control is still praised by people, and his feat has become a symbol of our national spirit; The Dujiangyan project more than two thousand years ago still benefits the people today, and its wisdom is admired by the world. Excavated more than 1300 years ago, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal connects several major water systems in the north and south, and its scale is still the largest in the world. After the founding of New China, the people of China responded to President Mao Zedong's great call of "harnessing the Huaihe River", "harnessing the Yellow River" and "harnessing the sea" and made remarkable achievements in harnessing rivers and building water conservancy projects. Today, our conditions in all aspects are much better than ever before. We have stronger economic strength, unprecedented science and technology, and the richest labor resources in the world. As Comrade Deng Xiaoping said, we should "give full play to the advantages of the socialist system in concentrating on great things" and make new and greater achievements in the process of understanding and transforming nature. For example, can water at different altitudes pass through more water-deficient areas through various projects? Whether it is possible to realize the inter-basin regulation of water resources through various projects and transfer water from the east and south to the west and north as much as possible; Can the inland water storage capacity, regulation level and utilization degree be greatly improved through various projects, and the "flood" can be changed into "water conservancy"? Whether it is possible to increase the area of land and cultivated land by reclaiming land from the sea and transforming beaches on a large scale through various projects; Can we curb desertification through various projects, turn as many deserts as possible into oases and expand the area of agricultural land? Can large-scale afforestation be carried out through various projects and small watershed system management be implemented to fundamentally change the situation of soil erosion in China? Can we reasonably adjust the industrial layout according to the distribution of water resources and arrange projects with large water consumption to places with sufficient water resources as far as possible? And so on. Of course, it is not easy to turn these ideas into reality, and there will be many problems and difficulties. However, I am convinced that as long as we have such a broad and long-term strategic vision, as long as we respect science, fully demonstrate and make careful plans, as long as the people of all ethnic groups in the country unite and persevere, and struggle from generation to generation, we will certainly be able to create great achievements worthy of our ancestors in governing the country, rivers and mountains, overcoming disasters and improving the environment, and China, an ancient land, will certainly take on a new look. ?
Excerpt from a speech made by Comrade Deng Xiaoping at the seventh meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National Committee of the China People's Political Consultative Conference. )
China is a big agricultural country, and farmers account for the vast majority of the population. The development of national economy can not be separated from farmers, and the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers are always the major problems we are facing. Land is the primary condition for material production, and a large population with little land is our basic national condition. If the sharp decline of cultivated land is not contained, it will eventually endanger our survival; The food problem is related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Once there is a grain problem in a big country with a population of more than one billion, we have nowhere to buy it and we can't send it in for nothing. Loving farmers, cherishing land and paying attention to food are the basic starting points of rural policies, and they are also problems that need to be faced for a long time.