The historic city of Germany is located on both sides of the middle reaches of the Rhine River, 2 1km north of Cologne, bordering the upper reaches of the Rhine River and the lower reaches of the plain. Geographical position is important, and it is a strategic place in history.
: 2. Map of Bochum, Germany
1. The name Silk Road was invented by a German more than 100 years ago. His name is ferdinand von richthofen.
Richthofen was born in Karlsruhe on 1833. He was fascinated by geology since he was a child, and graduated from Berlin University with a major in geology. After graduating from college, he is eager to go to East Asia, which he thinks is very adventurous.
3. From1860 to 1862, Richthofen traveled to many places in Asia, such as Ceylon, Japan, Taiwan Province Province, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Myanmar. From 1868 to 1872, he made seven expeditions to China. Richthofen has been to Jingdezhen. After investigating the firing process of porcelain, he named the porcelain clay Jingdezhen kaolin. This is the only mineral deposit named after a place name in the world, and the porcelain clay excavated all over the world today is called kaolin. He has been to Dujiangyan, a famous city in Sichuan. After his inspection, he praised the longest-lived water conservancy project in ancient China, and introduced Dujiangyan to the world in detail for the first time, saying that its irrigation method was perfect and unparalleled. He set foot in Shanxi and found that Shanxi is rich in underground coal storage. He concluded that according to the world coal consumption level at that time, only Shanxi and the United States had coal reserves that could be used by the world for thousands of years.
Except the famous Prussian scientist alexandervonhumboldt, probably no one has explored so many blank areas on the map like Richthofen. The German name of Qilian Mountain in China even adopted his name-Richthofen Gerberch (that is, the Richthofen Mountains).
5. 1873, Richthofen returned to China, and served as President of the International Geographical Society of Berlin, President of Berlin University, Professor of Geology of Bonn University and Professor of Geography of Leipzig University. He spent most of his life writing a five-volume masterpiece: China-Personal Travel and the research results based on it. It was in China, the first volume published in 1877 that Richthofen put forward the Silk Road for the first time and marked it on the map. This term was later widely adopted.
The former capital of West Germany is called Bonn. Compared with those famous big cities in Germany, such as Hamburg, Munich and Cologne, this city is not well-known and has a small population. However, Bonn is also an ancient city with a history of more than 2,000 years and one of the oldest cities in Germany. The nearest big city to Bonn is Cologne. As early as 65438+ at the beginning of the 20th century, Roman legions set up barracks in Bonn, which was the fortress of ancient Rome. Bonn means barracks. With a population of only 300,000, Bonn remains the second largest political center in Germany after Berlin.
3. Which city is Bochum, Germany?
Biologists point out that a crow's brain accounts for 2.3% of the whole body weight, which stands out among birds. In contrast, the brain weight of domestic chickens we usually eat only accounts for about 0. 1% of the whole body. The weight of an ordinary person's brain is about 1400g, which is only 2. 15% based on 65kg. This shows that the crow's brain is really developed.
Of course, the weight of the brain is only a reference and needs to be proved by actual performance. Scientists have found that some crows in the world have learned to use tools, and there may even be emotional communication between them.
The latest research shows that crows, like humans, have their own consciousness! In other words, they have their own subjective experience to understand the world.
Before this, scientists have proved this in primates. Now even birds have discovered consciousness, which means that we should re-recognize consciousness. This is because both are brains, but primates and birds are still very different. Take the primary consciousness as an example, it is an ability to perceive the changes in the world now, in the near future and in the future. For primates, this requires the help of the cerebral cortex, which is a rugged part of the brain like a walnut. As for birds, they have no cerebral cortex at all. If you have eaten chicken heads or duck heads, you will find that their brains are very smooth, just like hazelnuts.
Because of this brain structure, scientists are still full of doubts about all crows and birds, including crows and magpies. Even if they are really very clever birds, beyond many people's imagination, and even have cognitive abilities similar to those of primates, scientists still doubt whether they have the consciousness of thinking. So some people hope to prove this conjecture through experiments.
Actually, it's a little difficult for talking animals. Their consciousness cannot be determined by conversation. Although crows know themselves, understand that the world is around them and think about these problems, scientists have never directly proved this theory because they want to communicate with each other and have no obvious performance.
However, Andreas Snead, an animal physiologist at the University of Tubingen, has found a way. He and his colleagues designed an ingenious experiment, which was finally verified in two crows with small mouths.
The first step of the experiment is to train two crows to respond to visual stimuli. They put a screen in front of the crow, and some lights were projected on the screen. These lights are very bright, constantly changing positions, and the two crows in front of the screen are constantly turning their heads with the lights. Obviously, they are staring at the light.
Next, they increased the difficulty. These lights appear for a short time and are much weaker. In this case, two crows sometimes pay attention to the signal, sometimes they don't.
During the whole experiment, there were dozens of links, and each crow was shown nearly 20,000 light signals. During the experiment, the researchers used electrodes implanted in crows to monitor the neuronal activity there. When the crow thought he saw light, the researchers recorded the neuronal activity in the crow's brain at that time; When crows don't look, researchers find that if they can't see the light, they won't turn their heads. No such neuronal activity was detected.
This positive attitude towards the connection between neuronal activity and crows is very close and reliable. Ned said: The initial hypothesis is that those nerve cells that represent visual input without subjective consciousness will have the same response as those visual stimuli with constant intensity. However, our research results clearly show that the neuron brains responsible for higher process processing in crows are influenced by subjective consciousness, or more accurately, they are producing subjective consciousness.
This shows that subjective consciousness is not unique to mammals, and the source of this consciousness is not the cerebral cortex found only in mammals.
In another study, scientists also proved this point: the smooth brains of birds are by no means evidence that they are not as complicated as mammals.
In this experiment, MartinStacho, a biopsychologist at Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, and his colleagues used polarized 3D imaging and neural circuit tracking technology to draw the anatomical structure of the brains of pigeons and owls. As a result, they found that the internal structure of the brains of these two birds is very similar to that of mammals!
The result of this experiment tells us that the bird's consciousness is not so incomprehensible, at least it has a sufficient foundation. Perhaps it is because of this brain structure that they have evolved self-consciousness with mammals, which is biologically called convergent evolution. At the same time, it is also possible that this function was hidden in the same ancestor of mammals and birds hundreds of millions of years ago, and it was not finally realized until the two animals differentiated.
Ned pointed out that the last ancestor of humans and crows lived about 320 million years ago, and that kind of perception may have appeared at that time and has been handed down. In either case, the ability to perceive consciousness can be realized in different brain structures without the involvement of the cerebral cortex.
Ned's ancestor is a very old creature, an amniotic animal. These creatures who lived before the dinosaur era had a microcircuit in their brains, which is reflected in today's birds and mammals.
These studies show that primary consciousness may be very common in birds and mammals, far beyond our imagination. So, do they have a second consciousness? They realize that they are conscious? Will such a primary consciousness help them become intelligent creatures other than human beings?
4. Bochum, Ruhr, Germany
It's Ruhr University in Bochum.
The university is a well-known public comprehensive research university located in North Rhine-westfalen and a member of the World University Alliance.
Founded in 1962, it is the first university in Germany. Ruhr University ranks second in DFG in Germany's special research field. It is one of the largest universities in Germany and part of the German Science Foundation, the most important research fund organization in Germany.
In the ranking of 202 1 world universities, Ruhr University Bochum ranks 25 1-300 in the world. In the -QS world university discipline ranking, many disciplines of Ruhr University have entered the top 300 in the world.
: Ruhr area in western Germany 5. Bochum's position on the map of Germany.
Bochum was ok a few years ago, but it was never a strong team.
Germany. Where is Bochum, Germany?
~ Stuttgart Stuttgart is located in the Neckar Valley in the middle of Baden-Wü rttemberg (1 1 10,000 population, 36,000 square kilometers) in southwest Germany, close to the Black Forest and Jura and Schwaben. It is not only the capital of the state, but also the capital of the state and Stuttgart, and the largest city in the state. It is also the political center of the state: the Bafa Parliament, the state government and many state government departments are located here. It was a fortress in the13rd century and was once the capital of the new principality of Wü rttemberg. Railway hubs, river ports and international airports. The industrial city in southern Germany is second only to Munich. There are electronics, automobiles, machinery, precision instruments, textiles, food and other industries. The world-famous automobile city, where Mercedes-Benz automobile company is located. It is also a publishing center. Many universities, museums, etc. There are large mineral springs and many vineyards nearby. It is an important mineral water and wine producing area. Hegel was born here. Because of its economic, cultural and administrative importance, it is one of the most famous cities in Germany. Stuttgart is the sixth largest city in Germany and the fourth largest urban complex in China (after Ruhr, Rhine-Main and Berlin). The big cities near Stu are Frankfurt, 204 kilometers north of Stu, and Munich, 220 kilometers southeast. The urban population is about 3 million. Stuttgart is a city with a population of 590,000 (September 2005) and an area of 207 square kilometers. Five in the inner city, far city 18. There are famous 14 1 city films of different sizes in these 23 big cities. In order to strengthen the connection between Stuttgart and surrounding towns, Stuttgart has established contact with five surrounding counties (Poplingen, Eslingen, Gepingen, Ludwigsburg and Yi Musi-Mo). It has 3,700 square kilometers and a population of 2.7 million. Due to its huge scale and strong economy, this area has won the Stuttgart European metropolitan area. Every day, about 2.7 million residents shuttle between large and small towns in the whole region. It has long been commonplace for them to go to school and work in different places. No residents. I don't know whether Stuttgart is a city or a region. However, in the official division of the German government, Bavaria-Bavaria is divided into four state-level jurisdictions. Stuttgart, the surrounding Heilbronn-Frank area and the East Wü rttemberg area are isomorphic to form the largest jurisdiction in Stuttgart, with an area of 1. 1.000 square kilometers and a population of 3.99 million. The other three jurisdictions in Bafa are Karlsruhe; Tubingen jurisdiction; Jurisdiction of Frejborg. Stuttgart also has Protestant Cathedral (Wü rttemberg Correctional Church) and one of the two cathedrals of Catholic rothenburg-Stuttgart diocese. The emblem of Stuttgart in history is a dark horse that leaps into golden Yuan Ye. In fact, the city emblem is fake, because the name Stuttgart has been modified countless times by Stutengarten for centuries. Originally, this word roughly refers to mare garden or stallion farm in English. In about 950, Rudolf, Duke of Schwaben, one of the sons of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, established Stuttgart as a horse (especially his father's cavalry). Later (about 1300), Stuttgart became the residence of the Earl of Wü rttemberg. 1496, Earl of Wü rttemberg was promoted to Duke of Wü rttemberg by the Holy Roman Emperor. After Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, the Duke of Wü rttemberg won the title of king and Stuttgart became the king's palace. The names of the royal families of Wü rttemberg and Baden-Wü rttemberg originally came from a steep mountain named Wü rttemberg in Stuttgart. On the top of the hill are the tombs of Queen Katrina (daughter of Russian Tsar Paul I) and King William I of Wü rttemberg. 1824. 1848 During the Revolution, a democratic and independent parliament (Frankfurt Parliament) was established in Frankfurt to overcome the division of Germany. After a long discussion, the parliament decided to award the title of German Emperor to the King of Prussia. When democratic activities weakened, German nobles regained control of their independent land. Finally, the king of Prussia rejected the revolutionary proposal. Members of parliament were expelled from Frankfurt, while the most radical members (those who wanted to establish a republic) fled to Stuttgart.
After a while, Wü rttemberg, where the remaining parliamentary parties were founded, was dissolved by the US military. 187 1 year, Wü rttemberg, as an autonomous kingdom, joined the German Empire founded by Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck through several successful wars and diplomatic means. After World War I, the monarchy collapsed and the free state of Wü rttemberg was established as a part of Weimar Republic. 1920, Stuttgart is the seat of the German National Government (its administration has left Berlin). During World War II, the center of Stuttgart was almost completely destroyed by air strikes. Allied forces occupied Germany in 1945. They merged Baden and Wü rttemberg and established a new democratic Baden-Wü rttemberg state (the third largest state in Germany) in 1952, with Stuttgart as the capital. After the war, the US Secretary of State first put forward the idea of implementing the MarshallPlan in a speech at the Stuttgart Opera House (1September 6, 946), which is a plan to support the economic and political recovery and reconstruction in Europe. This speech directly led to the unification of the British and American occupied areas, which was called bi-zone. Two years later, France joined the Double Zone and became the third zone, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany. Stuttgart and Frankfurt are both strong competitors to become the federal capital, but Bonn finally won. In the next 70 years, during the Cold War, all the joint command centers of the US military in Europe, Africa and the Atlantic were transferred to the US European Command in Stuttgart. The headquarters of the European Union Command is still here today. Stuttgart has the most intensive scientific, theoretical and research institutions in Germany. About 1 1 of Germany's scientific research achievements in the United States come from here, and the resulting profits reach 4.3 billion euros every year. There are six FlawnHof research institutes, two MaxPlanck research institutes, two universities and a media college (Stuttgart University, Hornheim University, Stuttgart Media College), and other scientific research institutions are located here. Stuttgart has 6.5438+0.5 million companies and is famous for its high-tech industry. Among them, the most famous companies are Daimler-Chrysler, Porsche, Bosch, Hewlett-Packard and IBM, as well as world-famous companies, all of which have their German headquarters here. Stuttgart is also home to Germany's second largest stock exchange besides Frankfurt. Many important financial companies have their headquarters in Stuttgart. Stuttgart is an important transportation hub in Pakistan-Fuzhou. There is the largest Stuttgart Airport (airport code: STR) in the south of Stuttgart, and the third terminal of the airport was officially opened in March 2004, which increased the passenger flow of the airport to 6,543,800+0,200 passengers. In 2003, the airport transported 7.6 million passengers. It is expected to reach 8.3 million this year. Stuttgart is certainly an important railway hub. From here, passengers can easily reach Karlsruhe, Strasbourg and Paris. Mannheim-Cologne direction; Ulm-Munich direction; Zurich-Milan direction; And any city in the direction of Heilbronn-Nuremberg. At the same time, Kang Westheim Railway Station in Stuttgart is also one of the important train marshalling stations. Two important German highways A8 (Paris-Munich) and A8 1 (Zurich-Wü rzburg) meet in Stuttgart, forming an important external transportation network in Stuttgart. At the same time, an inland river port has also become the main force of Stuttgart freight. Public transportation Stuttgart has a huge, advanced and convenient transportation network. Six light rail train lines (S-Bahn) jointly operated by Deutsche Bahn (DB) and local governments connect all the towns in Stuttgart. There are 18 subway lines (U-Bahn) (including some dedicated lines) in the city. Tram line; Gear-driven tram line; Stuttgart Trams Company operates a cable car line and many bus lines by itself. As a supplement, many private transport companies have opened up new bus routes. However, all transportation companies must be managed by VVS (Stuttgart Transport and Price Alliance), which not only formulates unified ticket types and prices, but also provides a detailed train inquiry system. People, Culture and Architecture Stuttgart is famous for its cultural life, especially Staatstheater and Staatsgalerie. Staatstheater includes an opera house and three small theaters, performing operas, ballets, plays and concerts.
The world-famous Stuttgart Opera House won the prestigious annual opera (Germany/Austria/Switzerland) for five consecutive years (1998-2002). The famous Stuttgart Ballet is associated with the names of John cranko and Marcia Heidie. There are also two Broadway-style music theaters in the city-Apollo Theater and Paradian Theater (each with 1800 seats). The center of Stuttgart was severely damaged in World War II. During the urban reconstruction in 1950s and 1960s, many historical buildings disappeared, such as Kronprinzenpalais in Schloss Square. The city is short of historical buildings now. In addition to rebuilding historical buildings, the city also has some excellent post-war modern buildings. 1200-1600 (Stiftskirche, Romanesque/Gothic), internal simplification during post-war reconstruction; 300- 1500 old palace (AltesSchlo, Renaissance style), rebuilt after the war; 1700- 1800 new palace (Neuesschlo, Baroque/Classical), internal modernization during post-war reconstruction; 700- 1800 Lonely Castle (Baroque/Rococo style); 850 King's residence (nigsbau, classicism), rebuilt after the war; 9 10 Market Hall (Art Nouveau); 920 Railway Station (pre-modern); 920 International Residential Exhibition Complex (WeissenhofEstate, Bauhaus/International); 950 TV Tower (the first concrete TV tower in the world); 980 New National Gallery (NeueStaatsgalerie；; Postmodern); Stuttgart Airport Terminal in 2000, located outside the city, near Feilden-eckert Dingen; 2005 Stuttgart Art Museum (Modernism). Hegel: philosopher Friedrich Schiller: poet gottlieb daimler: motorcycle inventor Carl Benz: automobile inventor wilhelm maybach: inventor who founded Mercedes-Benz with Daimler of gottlieb robert bosch: inventor and founder berthold von stauffenberg of robert bosch Co., Ltd.: Ferdinand Porsche, a member of the German resistance movement who tried to kill Hitler: Javier, Teodore, Founder of Porsche Motor Company: Richard von weizsacker, the first postwar German President: Gü nter Boehnisch, German President, Mayor of Berlin: architect Jurgen Klinsmann, football player and German football coach roland emmerich, director Richard Wilhelm, Sinologist-friendly city of St. hellens (UK) 1948 Cardiff (UK) 1955 St. Louis (USA).
7. Population of Bochum, Germany
There is a club called BonnerSC in Bonn.
SportparkNord plays for Landesliga in Germany, which is the seventh league in Germany.
8. Geographical location of Bochum, Germany
The World's Largest Telescope (FAST) in the United States is a construction project that started at 20 1 1. Foundation laying on February 26th, 2008 +65438.
Recently, the world's largest China spherical radio telescope was successfully built in Pingtang County, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. The telescope is 500 meters in diameter and covers an area of about 30 football fields. The foundation stone of this project was laid on February 26th, 2008, and it is expected to be completed in September 20th16th.
FAST is called the 500-meter spherical telescope (500-meter spherical radio telescope). This telescope is one of the nine national science and technology infrastructures determined by the National Leading Group for Science and Education. Based on the original design of Chinese scientists and the unique topographic conditions of karst depression in southern Guizhou, a giant radio telescope with high sensitivity and the size of about 30 football fields will be built.
When FAST is completed, it will become the largest radio telescope in the world. The 100m telescope in Bonn, Germany is called the largest machine on the ground, and the sensitivity of FAST is about 0/0 times higher than that of/kloc-0. Compared with the American Arecibo 300-meter telescope, which was rated as one of the top ten projects in the 20th century before Apollo landed on the moon, its comprehensive performance was improved by about 10 times. As the largest single aperture telescope in the world, FAST will continue to be the first in the world. In the next 20 to 30 years, the United States will have first-class equipment.