People's Education Press, Volume II of Senior One History, required course 2 "The Formation of the World Economic System of Post-war Capitalism" Teaching plan 1

Teaching objectives

Three-dimensional objectives

Knowledge and ability

(1) Knowledge points: the signing of the Bretton Woods Agreement; The establishment of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; The signing of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

(2) Skills: Understand the purpose of establishing the Bretton Woods system in the United States; The role of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in the development of world trade.

(3) Application: Explore the role of the Bretton Woods system and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in the formation of a new capitalist world economic system centered on the United States.

process and methods

(1) provide students with pictures, words, videos and other materials by means of multimedia to stimulate their interest in learning and explore their motivation.

(2) Cultivate students' ability to discover, analyze and solve problems through methods and means such as question inquiry, practical experience, historical comparison, chart analysis and policy comparison.

Emotional attitudes and values

(1) The economic strength of a country determines its diplomatic activities. Understand the practical significance of developing economy and strengthening national strength.

(2) The capitalist world economic system headed by the United States is the embodiment of the hegemonic policy of the United States, and it has also greatly promoted the development of capitalist economy. Cultivate students to analyze things with dialectical materialism.

teaching focuses on difficulties

● teaching focuses

the formation of the capitalist world economic system.

● Teaching difficulties

The role of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

Teaching process

Cooperative inquiry: Please carefully identify the above three pictures. What are their organization symbols?

process evaluation: the three pictures are the symbols of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization. Why should these organizations be established? What effect does their establishment have on the development of the world economy? This is also the theme we will discuss in this class.

Multimedia Courseware Type Topic:

Lesson 22 The Formation of the Capitalist World Economic System after World War II

Promoting the New Curriculum

Question Situation 1: Read the materials and think about the impact of World War II on European and American countries. What changes have taken place in the world economic structure as a result of this influence?

Multimedia display materials:

World War II reduced almost all big cities in Germany to rubble, and the victorious countries such as Britain and France were also severely weakened. Britain's foreign trade was cut by two thirds, and its foreign debt increased from 476 million pounds in 1939 to 3.355 billion pounds in 1945. Most of the railway transportation in France was destroyed, and about 5 thousand buildings were destroyed.

American economy developed rapidly during the war, and the gross national product rose from $1.6 billion in 194 to $213.6 billion in 1945. The proportion of the United States in the total industrial production of the capitalist world also rose from 42% in 1937 to 6% in 1945. In 1945, America's gold reserves accounted for 59% of the total gold reserves in the capitalist world, and increased to 74.5% in 1948. The United States has become the number one power in the capitalist world.

process evaluation: western European countries suffered heavy losses in the war, and their strength was greatly weakened. on the contrary, the economic strength of the United States expanded unprecedentedly and became the largest creditor country in the world. This traditional capitalist world monetary system centered on the pound is difficult to maintain, while the United States attempts to establish a capitalist world monetary system dominated by the dollar. After the war, the United States and Britain fought in the financial field.

(writing on the blackboard) I. The establishment of the Bretton Woods system

1. Background

(1) After World War II, Britain's economic strength was greatly reduced, and the international currency status of the pound was not guaranteed.

(2) American economic strength has greatly increased.

question situation 2: reading? What is the real intention of Britain and the United States to put forward different plans in the financial field? What is the final result? What does it mean?

Multimedia display materials:

Keynes in Britain advocated the establishment of a world-class bank, saying? International clearing union? . According to this plan, the International Settlement Union will issue an international currency, Banco, for settlement between central banks or ministries of finance. There is a fixed price ratio between Banco and gold; The currencies of various countries establish a fixed exchange rate with Banco at a certain price, which can be adjusted, but competitive devaluation cannot be carried out unilaterally, and changing the exchange rate must go through certain procedures; Central banks of various countries open accounts in the International Clearing Union, and use Banco to settle accounts with each other.

Process evaluation: Although both the White Plan and the Keynesian Plan aim at setting up international financial institutions, stabilizing exchange rates, expanding international trade and promoting world economic development, their operation modes and ultimate goals are different.

the Keynesian plan was based on the predicament of Britain at that time, and tried to minimize the role of gold. This plan actually advocates the resumption of multilateral settlement and the cancellation of bilateral settlement. Of course, it also exposes Britain's intention to share international financial leadership with the United States.

The White Plan of the United States advocates that the world economy should be based on cooperation among countries, rather than hegemony or isolation. Its real intention is to build a world economic system centered on the United States by virtue of the economic strength of the United States after the war.

Britain and the United States waged a fierce struggle. Due to the disparity in economic, political and military strength, Britain was forced to accept the American plan.

This shows that economic strength determines a country's position in international relations.

(writing on the blackboard) 2. The United States and Britain compete for world financial hegemony

(1) Britain: Keynesian Plan.

(2) America: White Plan.

Transition: Britain and the United States fought fiercely in the financial field after the war. With its strong economic and political strength, the United States finally made Britain accept the American plan, thus gradually establishing a world monetary system centered on the US dollar. So how is this system established?

question situation 3: read the textbook and think about how the United States gradually established a world monetary system centered on the dollar.

(writing on the blackboard) 3. The establishment of the Bretton Woods system

(1) United Nations International Monetary and Financial Conference

Multimedia display materials:

Bretton Woods Conference

Another name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. In July, 1944, it was held in Washington Grand Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. 44 countries have adopted a comprehensive agreement that will control the world trade and monetary system in the next 28 years.

From July 1 to 2, 1944, the Bretton Woods Conference was held. At the meeting, the proposal of the United States was adopted, and the Final Resolution of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference and the two annexes of the International Monetary Fund Agreement and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Agreement were adopted. These documents are collectively referred to as the Bretton Woods Agreement.

(writing on the blackboard) (2) The establishment of the International Monetary Fund

Multimedia display pictures

Question Situation 4: Read the materials and think about what is the purpose and task of the International Monetary Fund?

the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an intergovernmental international financial organization. It was established according to the agreement of the international monetary fund adopted at the international monetary and financial conference of the United Nations and allied countries held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA in July 1944. It was formally established on December 27th, 1945, and started to handle business on March 1st, 1947. On November 15th of the same year, it became a specialized agency of the United Nations, but it has its own independence in operation.

autonomous learning: the purpose and task of the International Monetary Fund is to stabilize international exchange; Assist in the establishment of a multilateral payment system; Strengthen international monetary cooperation and alleviate the imbalance of international payments among member countries by providing short-term loans.

(writing on the blackboard) (3) The establishment of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (WORLD BANK)

Question Situation 5; Read the materials and summarize what is the purpose of IBRD?

Multimedia display of pictures and materials:

the World Bank for short, which is a specialized agency under the United Nations, is an international financial institution responsible for providing long-term loans and technical assistance.

autonomous learning: the initial purpose is to devote to the economic revival of Europe, and then provide (long-term) loans to member countries to promote the economic recovery and development of the country and promote the development of international trade.

The World Bank provided us $2 million in loans to help China's western railways improve their transport capacity, us $3 million in loans to China Shaanxi Ankang Highway Development Project, and us $96 million in loans to China Guangdong Pearl River Delta Urban Environment Project Phase II, which reflects that the World Bank has fulfilled its responsibilities and is in line with the World Bank's service purpose.

Transition: The International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, two international financial institutions with their headquarters in Washington, D.C., hold key positions by Americans. In the International Monetary Fund, the United States has 2 7% of the voting rights, and in the World Bank, it has 24% of the voting rights. It shows that the United States has gained decisive control and a world monetary system centered on the US dollar has been established, which is generally called? Bretton Woods system? .

Question Situation 6: Read the relevant contents of the textbook and analyze the main contents of the Bretton Woods system and its influence.

(blackboard writing) (4) Bretton Woods system

① Contents

Autonomous learning: The main contents of the Bretton Woods system can be summarized as two points: ① The dollar is directly linked to gold. (2) The currencies of IMF member countries are pegged to the US dollar, that is, it is stipulated that the currencies of all countries have established a fixed parity relationship with the US dollar. Under this system, the dollar has been obtained? Equivalent to gold? The special status of.

② Influence

Positive:

(1) It made the international monetary and financial relations have a unified standard and foundation, temporarily ended the chaotic situation in the financial field and maintained the normal operation of the post-war world monetary system.

(2) The formation of the Bretton Woods system has expanded world trade under relatively stable conditions.

(3) objectively, it has played a role in expanding the purchasing power of the world.

(4) The fixed exchange rate system largely eliminates the turbulence caused by exchange rate fluctuations, which is conducive to the development of world trade and the flow of international capital, and creates conditions for the recovery and development of the world economy.

Negative: It strengthens the privilege and dominant position of the United States in international finance.

process evaluation: the Bretton Woods system has both positive and negative effects. It provides a unified standard and foundation for the world monetary system, which is conducive to maintaining the normal operation of the post-war world monetary system and creating conditions for the recovery and development of the world economy. However, this system has also strengthened the privilege and dominant position of the United States in the international financial field.

transition: the establishment of a world monetary system is an important step for the United States to establish a capitalist world economic system dominated by the United States. In addition, the United States is committed to establishing an international trade organization, which eventually leads to the formation of a capitalist world economic system.

(writing on the blackboard) Second, the formation of the post-war capitalist world economic system

Question Situation 7: Read the textbook and think about why capitalist countries should establish international trade organizations to coordinate international trade.

(writing on the blackboard) 1. Necessity of coordinating international trade

Self-study: From the end of 19th century to the beginning of 2th century, capitalism entered the stage of monopoly, and major capitalist countries gradually abandoned the policy of gratuitous trade and implemented trade protectionism one after another. The world economic crisis in 1929-1933 urged governments of various countries to strengthen trade protectionist measures, which led to a further contraction of international trade. The profound lessons have prompted countries to realize the necessity of international trade coordination and cooperation.

Transition: During World War II, the United States called for the establishment of an institution to deal with and coordinate international trade. After the war, the United Nations Economic and Social Council held a World Trade and Employment Conference at the suggestion of the United States, and decided to set up a preparatory committee to draft the Charter of the International Trade Organization. However, due to the lack of approval from some major trading countries in Europe and America, the International Trade Organization finally aborted. It was at this time that countries negotiated to reduce tariffs and other trade restrictions and formulated a multilateral treaty called the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

(writing on the blackboard) 2 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Question Situation 8: What is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade? What is the purpose of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade? What effect does its establishment have on the development of world trade?

Teacher-student interaction: In October 1947, 23 countries, including the United States and China, signed this agreement in Geneva. Is this an agreement? Temporary application? Multilateral agreement. At the same time, it is also an organization composed of States parties, but it is not a formal international organization, nor is it a specialized agency of the United Nations. Its purpose is to reduce tariffs and trade barriers. Realize the liberalization of international trade on the basis of reciprocity and non-discrimination. Its functions are as follows: on the positive side, it objectively created a free trade environment for the capitalist world, thus promoting the development of the world economy after the war; It formed the pillar of adjusting world economy and trade after the war, made the world economy develop in the direction of systematization and institutionalization, and laid the foundation for the establishment of the World Trade Organization. On the negative side, the United States tries to manipulate world trade and expand its economy outward through it.

Question Situation 9: In July, 1986, the China government filed an application to restore China's status as a founding member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; In January 1995, the World Trade Organization replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the negotiations on China's re-entry into the WTO were changed. After long and arduous negotiations, on the night of November 1th, 21, in Doha, Qatar, China formally joined the World Trade Organization. What opportunities and challenges do you think China will bring after joining WTO? What does the success of China's entry into WTO explain?

Teacher-student interaction: China is the initiator of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and New China has finally become an important member of the World Trade Organization after 15 years of arduous negotiations. Joining WTO makes China face rapid economic development.