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First, the history of China's foreign debt in modern times
1, Opium War
Before the Opium War, the government never borrowed foreign debts, and businessmen in this country were forbidden to owe foreign money on credit. Offenders are punished as "handing over foreign fraudulent property" and sent to the Ili border as police officers. After the Opium War, with the transformation of China from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the foreign debts borrowed by the Qing government increased year by year.
2. Start borrowing foreign debts.
The Qing government began to borrow foreign debts in 1853 (the third year of Xianfeng) when the Shanghai Knife Association revolted. Su Songtai Daowu (formerly Guangzhou Tongshun businessman) borrowed money from Xiang Yang merchants and hired foreign naval guns to suppress it. From 1855 to 1856, the amount of silver deducted from foreign tax by Shanghai Customs twice reached more than120,000. 1858 10 Huang Zonghan, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, borrowed 322,000 silver from Changyang Company, an American commercial flag, with a monthly interest rate of 6% to pay for suppressing the people of Guangdong to continue the war of resistance. It is said that this foreign debt was also borrowed by the British when the British and French invaders entered the city.
3. The signing of the Beijing Treaty
65438+In the early 1960s, after the signing of the Beijing Treaty, local bureaucrats in Jiangsu, Fujian, Taiwan Province and Guangdong provinces, in order to collude with * * * and put out the Taiping Rebellion, successively borrowed foreign debts from foreign businessmen 12, totaling more than two million,1866 ~/kloc-0.
After the Japanese army invaded Taiwan Province Province, in August 1874, Shen Baozhen, Minister of Coastal Defence, first booked a loan of two million and two thousand yuan from HSBC to buy iron boats, clippers, guns, cannons and defense funds for Taiwan Province Province. During the Sino-French War, the cost of coastal defense, especially the cost of buying foreign guns, was mainly paid by foreign debts. 1September, 883 to1February, 885, it borrowed foreign debts from HSBC, Standard Chartered and other banks for seven times in the name of Guangdong Haiphong, Fujian Haiphong, aiding Taiwan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guangxi, and borrowed a total of12.62 million yuan from Kuping Bank.
4. Plunder China's industry and mining.
Since the mid-1980s, capitalist countries began to plunder China's industrial, mining, railway and other rights and interests by means of loans and compete with each other. 1In March, 885, Jardine Matheson competed with HSBC for various loan privileges and appealed to Prince Chun in the name of building a railway and coal mine in Jingxi. In fact, most of this loan was used for the construction of the Summer Palace, except for the payment of naval guns. 1886, when Li Hongzhang and Zhou Fu were ordered to borrow money from Britain, France and bank of tianjin, HSBC, under the supervision of Guangdong Customs, lent the Qing government1020,000 silver to pay for the repair of the South China Sea in Chen Yuan. On the other hand, Li Heyang, the agent of Huatai Bank in Germany, provided a loan of 5 million marks in 1887 for repairing Sanhai. In fact, these loans were tantamount to bribing feudal rulers in disguise and seeking to get their hands on the rights and interests of railways, shipping and minerals at that time. During the period of 1886~ 1888, the loans from China Merchants Bank, Gong Zheng, which broke the Yellow River twice, and Tiantong Railway reached 3.32 million yuan, gradually realizing its ambition of monopolizing loans to China. By 1889, Zhang Zhidong borrowed money from Wuchang weaving layout, and HSBC's capital penetrated more into the emerging industries set up by the government at that time.
At the same time, the German consortium's capital export to China has gradually consolidated its position. 1887, Huatai Bank of Germany and Jardine Matheson of Britain borrowed money from Kaiping Mining Bureau to build Jingu Railway, with an amount of more than1072,000. After the German financial monopoly group decided to set up Dehua Bank in 1889, it not only funded the German arms dealer Tailai Foreign Firm to lend Song 202,000 yuan in the name of Shandong Governor, but also lent about 562,000 yuan to Shandong and Fujian in 1890~ 189 1 year.