In China, the social endowment insurance system has gone through the process from scratch, from urban to rural, from employees to residents. Based on the low level of economic development, we have woven the world's largest old-age security network in a short time. At the same time, we should also see that China is a typical "getting old before getting rich", and its population is aging rapidly, which is due to historical factors. Although the endowment insurance system has been initially established, the existing problems are still acute, and some problems have not been solved so far.
Insufficient fairness. Due to different identities, regions and industries, different groups of people participate in different types of old-age insurance systems, and the pension insurance benefits after retirement are quite different. For example, since 2005, the basic pension for enterprise retired employees has continuously increased by 10 times, and currently it is more than 2,000 yuan per month, while the basic pension for new rural insurance is only in 55 yuan; For another example, according to research statistics, in 20 13 years, the average monthly pension of retirees in government agencies and institutions is 1.8 times that of retirees in enterprises, and the average monthly pension level of retirees in government agencies and institutions is 2. 1 times that of retirees in enterprises.
Weak sustainability. In China's current old-age insurance system, the main responsibilities of all aspects are not very clear, the development of supplementary old-age insurance lags behind, there is no specific policy for personal savings old-age insurance, and a multi-level security system has not yet been formed, which makes it difficult to ensure the sustainability of the system. In addition, the pension fund lacks a scientific and efficient investment management mechanism, and the single channel of maintaining and increasing value also affects the long-term development of the system.
The overall planning level is low. At present, China implements the provincial-level overall planning of endowment insurance, but in practice, the provincial-level overall planning is not strong enough, and the economic overall planning function is not fully exerted. Most pension funds are still in a state of decentralized overall planning, which leads to a heavy burden among regions and affects the efficiency of the system.
Compatibility is not strong. Over the years, China's old-age insurance system has been designed according to the crowd and managed by departments, and various regions have implemented the mode of "single-soldier breakthrough and key breakthrough", resulting in the situation of population division, regional division and urban-rural division. With the continuous expansion of the scale of personnel flow, there are still many obstacles to the cross-system and cross-regional flow of insured persons due to insufficient connection of related systems and lagging information system construction. At present, there are 269 million migrant farmers in China, accounting for 1/5 of the total population. Due to the poor mobility of the old-age insurance system, their enthusiasm for participating in insurance is not high.
These problems in the old-age insurance system are the result of long-term accumulation of historical factors and practical contradictions, which have affected social harmony and stability and restricted the sustained and healthy development of the economy and society. We should push forward the reform with greater efforts, further improve the old-age insurance system, solve everyone's worries and let the elderly live a more decent and dignified life. Throughout the development history of international social security, the old-age insurance systems in various countries are constantly changing and seeking perfection. At present, there are 160 countries and regions in the world that have formed different models of old-age insurance systems. Among them, the more successful ones are rooted in their own economic, social and cultural traditions. As a country with the largest population, how can China "start" the reform of the old-age insurance system?
The reform of the old-age insurance system is a complex systematic project. We must attach importance to the top-level design and overall planning of the reform, and abandon the practice of "treating the headache and treating the foot". The reform of the old-age insurance system is to build a more perfect and rigorous old-age insurance system as soon as possible on the basis of overall planning and with the vigorous promotion of the central government, taking solving the urgent problems of public concern as a breakthrough.
Achieve "full coverage" and let everyone enter the "safety net" for old-age care. Give priority to ensuring the basic social security for all, combine legal compulsion with interest guidance, improve the combination of policies and work promotion, and bring more people into institutional arrangements, reflecting the principle of "everyone has a share". Through efforts, the total number of people participating in endowment insurance in China will increase from 820 million in 20 13 to10.5 billion in 2020, with a coverage rate of over 95%.
Solve the "dual-track system" and let everyone have a meal. At present, China's old-age insurance system is "multi-legged", and there are at least four kinds of old-age treatment systems, namely, the old-age insurance system for employees in urban enterprises, the retirement fee system for institutions, the new rural social old-age insurance system and the social old-age insurance system for urban residents. Some people call it "multiple dual-track system" or "multi-track system". The next step is to speed up the integration of different systems and better reflect the principle of institutional fairness. At present, the integration of the basic old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents has been implemented, and the integration plan of government agencies, institutions and enterprises will also be introduced in 20 14.
Gradually raise the level and let the basic pension "rise". With the development of economy and the increase of wealth, the financial strength of national and local governments has increased, so that more money can be used to subsidize basic pensions and people can share the fruits of economic development more. At present, the relevant departments are studying the establishment of a normal adjustment mechanism for the level of security, so as to realize the reasonable and stable growth of pensions according to factors such as economic development, fiscal revenue and price changes.
Strengthen multi-levels and form a situation of "everyone carries the burden". A country's old-age insurance system, only when the state, enterprises and individuals participate in many ways, can "everyone gather firewood and the flame is high." At present, in China's pension system, the state and enterprises bear most of it, and other forces have not been fully exerted. The next step is to increase public financial input, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties, encourage employers to establish supplementary endowment insurance for workers, encourage individuals to establish savings endowment insurance, and accelerate the formation of a multi-pillar endowment insurance system.
Generally speaking, the unification of the old-age insurance system is the direction of reform, but it is not appropriate to completely equalize the pension benefits and engage in a simple "one size fits all", thus creating new injustice. According to the principles of fairness, adaptability to mobility and sustainability, we will establish institutional arrangements that meet the characteristics of various occupations and groups and provide equal opportunities and rights for everyone. In order to speed up the overall planning of the basic old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents, since 20 14, the party and the government have intensively introduced a series of major measures. On February 7th, the State Council executive meeting conducted a special study. 2 1, the State Council issued the Opinions on Establishing a Unified Basic Old-age Insurance System for Urban and Rural Residents, and decided to merge the new rural social endowment insurance and urban social endowment insurance. Three days later, the Interim Measures for the Connection of Urban and Rural Endowment Insurance System was promulgated.
According to the Opinions, at the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the new rural insurance system and the urban residential insurance system will be basically implemented throughout the country, and they will be connected with the basic old-age insurance system for employees; By 2020, a fair, unified and standardized old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents will be fully established. The unification of the new rural insurance and urban residential insurance shows that China's old-age security has taken a big step in breaking down urban and rural barriers and realizing the equalization of urban and rural public services. At present, the number of people participating in the new rural insurance and urban housing insurance in China is close to 500 million. It can be said that this new system will benefit urban and rural residents outside the coverage of employee pension insurance.
Unifying the new rural endowment insurance and urban housing insurance is not a simple "1+ 1", but a reform and innovation based on summing up successful experiences. At present, the most important thing is to organically integrate the two existing systems under the premise of adhering to the "three invariants" and realize the "four unifications" from system name to policy standard, management service and information system, namely, the system mode of unified account, the financing channel of individual contribution, collective subsidy and government subsidy, and the treatment payment policy of combining basic pension with individual account pension.
Unify policy standards. Originally, the new rural insurance and urban housing insurance set five grades and 10 respectively for the annual payment standard, and this unified system was merged into 100 yuan to 2,000 yuan 12 grades. This gives urban and rural residents the same right to choose their own expenses.
Unified management services. According to the principle of streamlining efficiency, integrate existing public service resources and social insurance management resources, and establish a unified agency; The new rural endowment insurance fund and the urban residential insurance fund are merged into the endowment insurance fund for urban and rural residents, and the provincial management is gradually promoted, and the management, supervision and investment operation are carried out in accordance with the unified provisions of the state.
Unified information system. Integrate the existing new rural insurance and urban residential insurance business management systems, form a provincial centralized information management system for urban and rural residents' endowment insurance, incorporate it into the construction of the "Golden Insurance Project", and share information resources with other citizen information management systems; Realize the real-time networking of provinces, cities, counties, towns (streets) and communities, vigorously promote the national unified social security card, and facilitate urban and rural residents to pay insurance premiums, receive benefits and transfer relationships.
Of course, after the unification of the old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents, it does not mean that every insured person receives the same pension. The "Opinions" emphasize the incentive mechanism of long-term payment and more. In addition to the basic pension paid by the state, personal pension benefits mainly depend on the number of years and the amount paid, which effectively reflects the unity of the system and the flexibility of policies. From 20 10, Shenzhen started the reform of classified management of civil servants, and implemented the old-age insurance system of "combining social basic old-age insurance with occupational annuity" for newly appointed civil servants. Nearly 3000 civil servants in the city, like enterprise employees, pay endowment insurance according to certain standards. The exploration in Shenzhen provides a useful reference for promoting the reform of endowment insurance system in government agencies and institutions throughout the country.
According to statistics, the number of civil servants in China is about 7 million, and the number of employees in institutions with 1.26 million has reached more than 30 million. For a long time, institutions and enterprises have implemented different retirement pension systems, and there is a certain gap in pension benefits. The former is borne by the state finance or unit, and the latter is guaranteed by the social endowment insurance system. The "dual-track system" among government agencies, institutions and enterprises has been discussed by the public and needs to be reformed urgently.
At present, the reform of endowment insurance system in public institutions has broken the ice. The government work report of 20 14 has clearly stated that "reforming the endowment insurance system of institutions and institutions" is the key work of 20 14, and relevant departments are working hard to study and formulate specific plans. /kloc-The Regulations on Personnel Management of Public Institutions, which came into effect in July of 0/4, stipulates that "public institutions and their staff shall participate in social insurance according to law". The overall goal of the reform is to establish a social endowment insurance system, so that the staff of government institutions and enterprises will bear the same payment obligations and enjoy the same rights and interests of endowment insurance under the unified system arrangement.
Establish a pension "fund pool". According to the system design direction of unified account, institutions and individuals should pay fees, establish socialized endowment insurance funds, implement social co-ordination and establish individual accounts for basic endowment insurance.
Establish an occupational annuity system. This is a supplementary old-age insurance for public officials, which is jointly paid by units and individuals and credited to personal accounts, which can not only reflect their service contributions, but also ensure their reasonable retirement benefits. For example, for newly appointed civil servants in Shenzhen, the financial department takes out a certain percentage of their salary every month and receives it after retirement.
Improve the incentive mechanism and treatment adjustment mechanism. Implement a treatment structure that combines basic pension and personal account pension, and establish an incentive and restraint mechanism linked to the level of treatment, the amount of payment and the number of years. The basic pension level is linked to the individual payment level and the payment period over the years, which better reflects the contribution of the whole career. At the same time, according to wage growth and price changes, a unified normal adjustment mechanism for basic pensions will be established to continuously improve the level of basic pensions.
"It is better to cut your throat than to open your arms." No matter how difficult this reform is and how much resistance there is, we will stick to it. The next step is to take concrete and appropriate reform measures as soon as possible in accordance with the idea of "old methods for the elderly, new methods for the new, and transition methods for China people" to ensure the smooth progress of the reform.
"The most beautiful mulberry scenery, the world is sunny." This is our beautiful expectation for old age. It is reasonable to believe that through deepening the reform, the old-age insurance system will glow with new youthful vitality and provide people with the institutional guarantee of "old age security, old age security and old age security".