full name: 15th meeting of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

schedule: December 7-18, 29.

location: Bella center, Copenhagen, Denmark.

participants: more than 85 heads of state or government and environment ministers from 192 countries attended.

focus: the main problem focuses on the responsibility.

Objective: To discuss the follow-up plan after the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol expires, and sign a new agreement on future global actions to deal with climate change.

structure and member States: so far, 192 countries have ratified the United nations framework convention on climate change.

Partners: Cooperate with the Global Environment Facility to transfer funds to poor countries to support their emission reduction.

Purpose and expected goal:

Officials will reach a new agreement on climate change as a follow-up plan after the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol ends in 212. According to Delport, Secretary-General of UNFCCC, at this meeting, the international community needs to reach an agreement on the following four points: < P > Global warming 1. What is the amount of greenhouse gas emission reduction in industrialized countries?

2. How should major developing countries like China and India control greenhouse gas emissions?

3. How can developing countries be funded to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impact of climate change?

4. how to manage this fund? The final text of the Copenhagen Accord: leaders, heads of government, officials and other delegates attending the 29 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen:

In order to achieve the conference objectives mentioned in the second paragraph of the Copenhagen Accord, under the guidance of the conference principles and vision, and taking into account the work results of the two task forces, we agree to the resolution x/CP.15 of the task force on long-term cooperative action, and continue to follow the X/CP.15 of the task force.

we agree to this Copenhagen agreement and start to implement it immediately.

1. We emphasize that climate change is one of the most important challenges we are facing today. We emphasize the strong political will to fight climate change and the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". In order to achieve the final meeting goal, stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and prevent the global climate from deteriorating, we must strengthen long-term cooperation to combat climate change on the basis of fair and sustainable development after recognizing the scientific view that the annual global climate increase should not exceed 2 degrees Celsius. We recognize the significant impact of climate change and the potential impact on the response measures of some countries that are particularly affected, and emphasize the importance of establishing a comprehensive response plan and winning international support.

2. We agree that from a scientific point of view, global carbon emissions must be greatly reduced, and the annual global temperature increase should be controlled below 2 degrees Celsius in accordance with the vision stated in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, and actions should be taken on a fair basis to achieve the above-mentioned goals based on scientific research. We should cooperate to achieve the peak of global and national carbon emissions as soon as possible. We recognize that the time frame for developing countries to reach the peak of carbon emissions may be longer, and believe that social and economic development and poverty eradication are still the primary and more important goals for developing countries, but the development strategy of low-carbon emissions is essential for sustainable development.

3. All countries are facing the negative impact of climate change, so we should support and implement actions aimed at reducing the harm degree of developing countries and strengthening their coping capacity, especially the least developed countries, developing countries located in small islands and African countries. We believe that developed countries should provide sufficient, predictable and sustained financial resources, technology and experience to support developing countries in their efforts to combat climate change.

4. the parties in appendix I will submit quantified emission targets for 22 to the secretariat before January 31, 21, and undertake to implement these targets individually or jointly. The format of these objectives is shown in appendix I. Annex I countries that are parties to the Kyoto Protocol will further strengthen the carbon emission reduction proposed by the Protocol. The measurement, reporting and verification of carbon emission reduction and financial assistance from developed countries will be carried out according to any further guidelines existing or adopted by the Conference of the Parties, and the calculation of these targets and financing will be ensured to be strict, sound and transparent.

5. non-parties in appendix I will implement climate change mitigation measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1 and article 4, paragraph 7, in the context of sustainable development, including those submitted to the secretariat in the format listed in appendix II before January 31, 21. Least developed countries and small island developing States can take voluntary actions with support.

annex I emission reduction measures taken and planned by non-parties shall be communicated through inter-country communication every two years in accordance with Article 12, paragraph 1 (b) and on the premise of the policy adopted by the Conference of the Parties. These emission reduction measures communicated between countries or reported to the Secretariat will be added to the list in Appendix II.

the emission reduction measures adopted by non-parties in appendix I will need to be measured, reported and audited in China through inter-country communication every two years. Appendix I Non-parties will exchange information on the implementation of emission reduction measures in various countries through communication between countries according to clearly defined policies that will ensure the respect of national sovereignty, so as to prepare for international meetings and analysis. Appropriate national emission reduction measures seeking international support will be registered together with relevant technology and capacity support. Those supported measures will be added to the list in Appendix II.

these supported and appropriate national emission reduction measures will be internationally measured, reported and audited according to the guidelines adopted by the conference of the parties.

6. We recognize that it is very important to reduce carbon emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation, and we need to increase the greenhouse gas removal by forests. We think it is necessary to provide positive incentives for such initiatives and promote the flow of aid funds provided by developed countries by immediately establishing mechanisms including REDD+.

7. We have decided to adopt various methods, including the opportunity of carbon trading market, to improve the cost-effectiveness of emission reduction measures and promote the implementation of emission reduction measures; Incentives should be provided for developing countries to implement low-emission development strategies.

8. On the premise of complying with the relevant provisions of the General Assembly, more, new, additional, predictable and sufficient funds should be provided to developing countries, and it is easier for developing countries to obtain funds to support them in taking measures to delay climate change, including providing a large amount of funds to reduce carbon emissions (REDD+) caused by deforestation and forest degradation, supporting technology development and transfer, and improving emission reduction capacity, so as to improve the implementation of the Agreement.

The extensive commitments made by developed countries will provide new and additional funds to developing countries, including forestry protection and investment through international institutions, and provide $3 billion in 21-212. For the most vulnerable developing countries, such as the least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, providing financial support for the adoption of the agreement will be the top priority.

under the background of actual measures to delay climate change and transparency in implementing emission reduction measures, developed countries have promised to raise 1 billion US dollars annually to meet the emission reduction needs of developing countries by 22. These funds will come from a variety of sources, including government funds and private funds, bilateral and multilateral financing, and alternative sources of funds. The release of multilateral funds will be achieved through practical and efficient funding arrangements and a governance structure that provides equal representation for developed and developing countries. A large part of such funds will be distributed through the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund.

9. Finally, in order to achieve this goal, a high-level working group will be established under the guidance of the COP and be responsible for the meeting to study the contribution of potential financial resources, including alternative sources of funds.

1. We decided that the Copenhagen Climate Fund should be established as the operating entity of the financial mechanism agreed by the parties to support the programmes, projects, policies and other activities of developing countries, including REDD+-plus, adaptation, capacity building, technology research and development and transfer.

11. In order to promote technology development and transfer, we decided to establish a Technology Mechanism to accelerate technology development and transfer and support actions to adapt to and delay climate change. These actions will be implemented by countries on their own initiative, and their priorities will be determined based on their national conditions.

12. We call for the evaluation of the Agreement and its implementation, including its ultimate goal, to be completed before the end of 215. This assessment should also include strengthening long-term goals, such as controlling the annual global average temperature increase within 1.5 degrees Celsius.

attitude of other major countries

United States: it is also difficult to commit to the 4% emission reduction target. At the beginning of his tenure, Obama hoped to use his super popularity to push the United States to pass a climate bill before the Copenhagen conference, although the commitment of the United States is only equivalent to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by about 4% on the basis of 199, which is still far from the expectations of developing countries.

EU: It promises to reduce emissions by 95% by 25. Europe tries to re-establish its international leading position on the issue of climate change, pointing out that if the Copenhagen summit can reach a climate change agreement, Europe will cut greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 95% by 25 and 3% by 22.

India: Indian Environment Minister Ramesh announced on the 3rd that India will reduce its carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2% ~ 25% compared with 25.

Britain: In 29, the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting issued the "Understanding of Climate Change in Port of Spain: Commonwealth Declaration on Climate Change", stressing that all parties should reach a legally binding agreement at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, and developed countries should give help to countries in need, especially financial assistance.

Australia: On the 2nd, the Australian Senate again rejected the climate change bill proposed by the Australian Labor Party government, which made Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd go to the meeting empty-handed. Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal, and its per capita emissions exceed those of the United States. It is proposed that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by 5% to 15% in the next decade compared with 2.

Russia: The Russian President announced that Russia's greenhouse gas emissions will decrease by 25% by 22. In other words, during the period from 199 to 22, Russia will ensure that the total greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by more than 3 billion tons. China:

Globally, * * * 192 countries have joined the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, a global climate protection agreement, and signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, promising to * * * reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help vulnerable areas cope with the disasters caused by global warming by 212. China has also recognized the great impact of climate change from the aspects of scientific and social development, and has begun to actively respond. China passed the first Renewable Energy Utilization Law in 25. Under the guidance of this active policy, by the end of 28, China's wind power generation was 12.8 billion kWh, an increase of 126.79% over the previous year. Wind power generation has become the main force in this energy revolution. China has also become the largest photovoltaic industry base in the world, with solar power generation reaching 1.1GW last year, accounting for 27.5% of the total power generation in global solar. In addition, China has put forward a series of goals, such as reducing energy consumption per unit GDP by about 2% compared with 25 by 21, striving to achieve forest coverage rate of 2% by 21, and striving to achieve the proportion of renewable energy in the energy structure of 16% by 22.