friedrich wilhelm joseph von schelling
The main representative of German classical philosophy, an objective idealist philosopher. Schelling's life-long ideological development process is usually divided into two main stages: early stage and late stage. Criticize the feudal autocratic system in the early stage and express the requirements of realizing bourgeois rule of law; The subjective idealism of I Kant and J·G· Fichte was transformed into objective idealism, and their subjective dialectics extended to the outside world, which created conditions for the later establishment of G W F Hegel's philosophical system. Later, he changed from an advocate of bourgeois rule of law to a defender of feudal autocracy, from objective idealism with a reasonable core to Catholic theology.
Life and Works Schelling 1775 65438+ 10 was born in a Protestant family in Leoberg, Wü rttemberg. /kloc-in 0/790, he entered Tubingen Theological Seminary, studied theology with enlightenment thoughts, and wrote his doctoral thesis "Philosophical Critical Interpretation of the Ancient Theory of the Origin of Original Sin in Genesis Chapter III"; He published The Possibility of Philosophical Forms, The Self as a Philosophical Principle, and a philosophical newsletter on dictatorship and criticism. 1796, he published a collection of idealistic knowledge. He also absorbed the historicism of G.B. Vico (1668 ~ 1744), and thought that self should be understood as a process of change, and transformed B. Spinoza's concept of entity with idealism, and thought that absolute entity also changed from objective to subjective. He studied mathematics and natural science and developed the natural philosophy of Kant and J.G. Holder. 1797 published the concept of natural philosophy, 1798 published on the soul of the world. In the same year, he was hired as distinguished professor of Jena University.
Jena period is the peak of Schelling's philosophical creation. Here, he completed the first draft of natural philosophy system and transcendental idealism system, which, as two parts of the same philosophy, established his historical position as a reformer of German classical philosophy. He also participated in editing the Journal of Speculative Physics and the Journal of New Speculative Physics, and edited the Philosophical Review with Hegel.
Schelling left Jena in May 1803 and became a professor at the University of Wü rzburg in June, 65438 10. At this time, his philosophy began to change. Philosophy and Religion published by 1804 marks the end of "the same philosophy" and the transition from idealism to religion. 1806 was appointed as an academician of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and 1808 won the Bavarian domestic meritorious medal. Since then, his thoughts have further turned to mysticism. 1809 published a philosophical discussion on the nature of human freedom, which laid the foundation for his later philosophy. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/820, he was a professor at the University of Ireland, teaching mythological philosophy and the history of modern philosophy. 1827 returned to Munich in May and became a professor at the newly-built Munich University. He was appointed as the director of the Science Center by the Bavarian government and elected as the president of the Academy of Sciences. 184 1 autumn, at the invitation of King William IV of Prussia, he went to Berlin University to give lectures on mythological philosophy and apocalyptic philosophy, and served as a consultant to the Prussian government's Council. His speech was publicly criticized by the young Hegelians. 1846 ended his teaching career in the university, and only served as an academician of the Berlin Academy of Sciences from 1832.
1854, Schelling died in Katz, badra on his way to Switzerland. His works were compiled into 14 volume and published in 1856 ~ 186 1.
Schelling, a philosophical thought, first appeared in the philosophical forum as a supporter of Fichte, but soon surpassed Fichte and established his own "same philosophy" system. This system consists of three links: ① Fichte's self-transformation. ② Spinoza's twisted entity. (3) the mysterious unity of the first two links in other places, that is, the "absolute identity" of subjective and objective things. He replaced the real connection between nature and man with this fictional mysterious connection, and thought that both nature and man developed from this mysterious origin under the impetus of primitive opposition. The process of developing self-consciousness from "absolute identity" is an unconscious creation process from objective to subjective, which is called the Iliad of history and constitutes the content of his natural philosophy. The process of returning from self-consciousness to "absolute identity" is a conscious creation process from subjective to objective, which is called the Odyssey of history and constitutes the content of his transcendental philosophy.
Social and Political Thought Schelling's early progressive social and political views were formed under the influence of the French bourgeois revolution. His works reflected the dissatisfaction of the German bourgeoisie with the whole German reality at that time and the desire to change the existing feudal relations. He believes that human history is constantly progressing, and human beings can and should create their own history. He believes that human history begins in the "primitive state" and ends in the future "rational kingdom". This idealized bourgeois kingdom is described as the highest ideal of mankind and the universal realization of the rule of law. He attacked feudal autocracy, arguing that this system was not caused by reason from the beginning, but by environmental coercion, which itself had the bud of extinction. He regarded the transition from feudal society to capitalist society as "human liberation" and thought it was a rational bold adventure and inevitable victory. People will become greater with the understanding of themselves and their own strength, and sooner or later they will get back the rights they gave up under environmental oppression and realize the bourgeois rule of law.
Schelling's social and political views, on the one hand, advocate that human beings create history by themselves, on the other hand, dare not resort to the power of the people. He hoped that the feudal monarch would carry out top-down reforms. On the one hand, he called on people to take bold risks and be liberated in the outside world. But on the other hand, it regards the practice of striving for freedom as a pure inner activity, showing the ideological tendency of compromising with feudal forces. /kloc-in the late 1930s, when young hegelians, as a religious critic and pacifist, attacked the throne of the Prussian dynasty, Schelling acted as the ideological leader to suppress the bourgeois democratic movement.
Marx and Engels clearly distinguished Schelling's early philosophy from his late philosophy, historically affirmed Schelling's early "sincere youth thought", critically absorbed reasonable elements in it, and mercilessly revealed that his late philosophy was "Prussian politics under the cloak of philosophy". On the contrary, bourgeois philosophers such as Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard before the emergence of Marxism, Nietzsche, Dilthey, Heidegger and Jaspers after the emergence of Marxism obliterated Schelling's early thoughts, regarded his later anti-rationalism as a pioneer and served them to publicize their own thoughts and theories.