China has a long history of discovering and utilizing graphite. There have been many records about graphite in ancient books. For example, "Notes on Water Classics" records that "there is a graphite mountain near Luoshui. The rocks are all black, so the books can be sparse, so it is famous for graphite. " From the archaeological excavations of Oracle bones, jade tablets and pottery tablets, it is found that as early as 3000 years ago, the Shang Dynasty began to use graphite to write characters, which continued until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 220). Graphite was replaced by Song Yanmo and became calligraphy ink. During Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 182 1 ~ 1850), farmers in Chenzhou, Hunan Province exploited graphite as fuel, which was called "oil carbon".
At the beginning of the 20th century, the technology of making batteries and pencils from graphite was introduced to China. At that time, graphite, known as "electric coal" and "refill", began to be used in modern industry, which promoted the development of graphite mining industry in China. The graphite mines in Xinghe, Nanjiang and Panshi were mined in 19 16 ~ 1928. 1929 established seven graphite mines in Leiyang, Chenzhou and Yizhang, Hunan Province, and 1932 found high-quality graphite in Guiyang, Hunan Province. More than a dozen pen lead companies are involved in mining or purchasing ore. 1936 was established in Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, with an annual output of about 3,000 tons of graphite ore.
Yanshi, Liumao and Xinghe mines after September 193 1, and Nanshu and Ding 'an mines after July 1937 were plundered and mined by the Japanese invaders, and it is estimated that more than 50,000 tons of graphite were taken. At that time, after the end of the Anti-Japanese War, there were 9 mines and 2 companies in Pinghe area, Nanjiang, Sichuan, mining graphite and grinding, with an annual output of 200t, and production was stopped at 1947. After the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the People's Government of the Liberated Area took over Liumao, Panshi and Nanshu mines on 1948 and resumed production. In the past, there were more than 20 pen-making companies in Kuomintang areas. By 1949, only Chenzhou and Meixian are left, with an annual output of 59 15t of graphite.
With the development of graphite deposits in China, since the 1920s, some scholars have studied the geological work of graphite deposits in China, such as the investigation of Nanping lead mine in Fujian, and the investigation of some occurrences in Sichuan, Henan, Fujian, Shaanxi and Gansu by Hou Defeng, Zeng Shilu, Nan Yanzong, Liao Youren, Lu, Li Equilibrium and others. However, before 1949, there was no formal geological exploration in the mine.
1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the state invested a lot of geological exploration work in graphite mines. As early as the early 1950s, the East China Ministry of Industry sent a geological team to explore the graphite resources in Nanshu. Later, the geological teams of building materials and geology and mineral resources explored Nanshu, Xinghe, Lutang and Panshi mines in the 1960s, Nanjiang, Beishu, Shibaoqi and Sanchaya mines in the 1970s, Liumao and Jinxi mines in the 1980s and Muling and Chicheng mines in the 1990s. Over the past 40 years, we have not only identified and expanded the reserves of old mines, but also discovered a large number of new mines, identified a large number of industrial reserve and abundant reserve resources, and comprehensively grasped the characteristics and distribution laws of graphite mineral resources in China. Rich geological achievements provide a reliable basis for the sustainable development of graphite mining in China.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the development of metallurgy, machinery, electric power and other industries, graphite production flourished. From 1950 to 1952, the state invested in the construction of Nanshu, Liumao, Xinghe, Lutang and Nanjiang mines, and 1952 produced 0.22 million tons of graphite. From 1953 to 1957, the backward appearance of graphite ore was initially changed through technical transformation and filling of process equipment. Starting from 1957, eight domestic mines produced 43,300 tons of graphite and began to export products. 12 small mines were newly established in 1958, and the national output was 150000 t, but the mining was unbalanced and the product quality declined. After the adjustment of 1962, the product quality was improved, but the output decreased to 8.9 at 1966.
T, only improved from 1970, Zhangping, Lengshuijiang, Muling, Mashan, Lingbao and other mines were built one after another, and the national output reached 206,000 t from 1977. After 1978, the graphite industry lingered for four years, and the national annual output remained at around180,000 t.
After the reform and opening-up policy was implemented in China, the graphite industry showed new vitality. In 1980s, Laixi, Wuchuan, Wuyuan and Xixia mines were restored and developed. Guangdong Fogang Coal Mine and Jixi Phosphate Mine also have graphite production mines. By 1985, there were 25 large and medium-sized graphite enterprises at or above the county level, and more than 200 small and medium-sized enterprises in villages and towns, with an annual output of 279,000 tons. The export volume increased from 1978 to 810000 tons, making it a major exporter in non-metallic mines. The peak of graphite production in China was 1990, with an annual output of 679,000 t, and the export volume 14 1 10,000 t, 1992 decreased to 508,000 t, and the export volume155,000 t. The new peak appeared in/kloc-. There are 0/5 local state-owned mines, 0/87 collective and township mines and factories, and more than 0/80 processing plants, forming a crystalline graphite production base focusing on Liumao in Heilongjiang, Nanshu in Shandong and Xinghe in Inner Mongolia, and an aphanitic graphite production base centered on Lutang in Hunan. The state-owned backbone minerals account for the whole country.
After more than 70 years of wind and rain, the graphite mining industry in China has made great progress on the whole, despite several twists and turns since the founding of the People's Republic of China. By 1995, the annual output is 365 times that of 1949, and it has become a comprehensive industry supporting mining, mineral processing, quality purification and graphite products. The annual output accounts for about half of the world output, ranking first. There are more than 20 products and 272 product brands. Product quality, particle size classification and grinding methods have reached the world advanced level. At the same time, due to the continuous development of deep-processed products, the product structure has also been greatly improved. It has been able to produce nearly 1000 kinds of deep-processed products in six categories, such as graphite emulsion for color kinescope, GRT energy-saving and wear-reducing additive, expandable graphite, graphite plate, graphite seal and graphite refractory, which represent the contemporary international advanced level. For a long time, graphite has been one of the leading nonmetallic minerals in China, and will continue to develop steadily.